Australian aboriginal languages
Wagaydyic |
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Geographic distribution | Daly River |
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Linguistic classification | Northern Daly ? |
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Subdivisions | - Wadjiginy (Wagaydy)
- Kandjerramalh (Pungupungu) †
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Glottolog | None wadj1254 (covered by Wadjiginy) |
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The Wagaydyic languages (nowadays more often referred to as the Anson Bay languages[1]) are a pair of closely related but otherwise unclassified Australian Aboriginal languages: the moribund Wadjiginy (also known as Wagaydy and Batjamalh) and the extinct Kandjerramalh (Pungupungu).
Tryon (1980) notes that the two languages are 79% cognate based on a 200-item wordlist, but there are serious grammatical differences that prevent them from being considered dialects of a single language.[2][3]
The unattested Giyug may have been a dialect of Wadjiginy or otherwise related.[4]
The Wagaydyic languages have previously been classified with Malak-Malak into a Northern Daly family, but similarities appear to be due to lexical and morphological borrowing from Malak-Malak, at least in Wadjiginy.[citation needed]
Vocabulary
The following basic vocabulary items of Wadjiginy and Pungupungu are from Tryon (1968).[5]
no. | gloss | Wadjiginy | Pungupungu |
1 | head | biǰæ | pœǰæ |
2 | hair | mæræbiǰæ | mæræpœǰæ |
3 | eyes | mibæ | mibæ |
4 | nose | wiǰa | wuǰæ |
5 | ear | bibara | pibæræ |
6 | tooth | diRæ | diRæ |
7 | tongue | ŋadal | ŋadal |
8 | shoulder | čælmæ | čælmæ |
9 | elbow | čin | čin |
10 | hand | ŋælæ | ŋælæ |
11 | breasts | wiŋ | wïŋ |
12 | back | bæbæra | raɲ |
13 | belly | dawara | wunæ |
14 | navel | ǰœrač | čœrač |
15 | heart | čœnmanaǰ | dœpmadœpma |
16 | urine | kæwælæč | kawalač |
17 | excrete | guk | kuk |
18 | thigh | bælæm | pædlæm |
19 | leg | kæræl | kæræl |
20 | knee | karaŋok | miraŋok |
21 | foot | čœt | čœt |
22 | skin | yæræɲ | yæræɲ |
23 | fat | wudæwæl | wœdawæl |
24 | blood | kawæɲ | kawaɲ |
25 | bone | bwik | bwik |
26 | man | ŋanaŋ | ŋanaŋ |
27 | woman | ŋawolaŋ | ŋawalaŋ |
28 | father | bapa | papalak |
29 | mother | kalaŋ | kalaŋ |
30 | grandmother | makaŋ | æčæ |
31 | policeman | wænæn | dukmækæ |
32 | spear | wælæra | wælæræ |
33 | woomera | kalan | kalan |
34 | boomerang | wiɲiŋgiɲ | wïɲïŋgïɲ |
35 | nullanulla | langur | langur |
36 | hair-belt | bulkaŋ | pulkaŋ |
37 | canoe | wutïŋge | winæ |
38 | axe | ličpuruk | ličpurp |
39 | dilly bag | wargade | waRgade |
40 | fire | wiɳ | win |
41 | smoke | wïɳgal | wungæl |
42 | water | wiyïk | wik |
43 | cloud | guk | pærk |
44 | rainbow | banaŋak | pulipuli |
45 | barramundi | pænŋat | pænŋæt |
46 | sea | ŋalgïn | ŋalgïn |
47 | river | čakaR | wikmagat |
48 | stone | maŋ | maŋ |
49 | ground | wut | wut |
50 | track | kal | kæl |
51 | dust | bœnaŋ | pœnaŋ |
52 | sun | gæyïk | kayïk |
53 | moon | kara | kalakkalak |
54 | star | mœrtæ | mœrta |
55 | night | ŋuraǰa | ŋurïnǰe |
56 | tomorrow | yiɲmæk | yiɲmæk |
57 | today | ŋaR | ŋær |
58 | big | pamalaŋ | pamalaŋ |
59 | possum | čædæræč | čaǰɛdač |
60 | dog | moyiɲ | moyiɲ |
61 | tail | kalpæ | kælpæ |
62 | meat | mæǰæm | mæǰæm |
63 | snake | kulgamalaŋ | walan |
64 | red kangaroo | muǰ | kænga |
65 | porcupine | nïminïŋač | mænɛŋɛč |
66 | emu | ŋœrœn | ŋœrœčul |
67 | crow | wak | wak |
68 | goanna | ŋaran | ŋaran |
69 | blue tongue lizard | bwikmidaŋ | wirič |
70 | mosquito | wœRaŋ | wœraŋ |
71 | sugar-bag | činæɲ | činiɲ |
72 | camp | rak | ræk |
73 | black | kalalk | kalalk |
74 | white | baybaymalaŋ | baybaymalaŋ |
75 | red | wïrewïre | wurewure |
76 | one | ŋanǰič | ŋanǰič |
77 | two | bakatamalaŋ | parkataŋgæɲ |
78 | when? | ænæɲ | anikinæ |
79 | what? | ɲinič | ɲinič |
80 | who? | naga | naga |
81 | I | ŋaǰa | ŋæǰæ |
82 | you | kænæ | kænæ |
83 | he | ǰamoyič | čamoyič |
84 | grass | wœrak | wœrak |
85 | vegetable food | mænæɲ | mænæɲ |
86 | tree | wiɳ | wiɳ |
87 | leaf | kalkal | kalkal |
88 | pandanus | ɲïŋarač | nurač |
89 | ironwood | mælæ | mælæ |
90 | ripe | baramuŋ | paramuŋ |
91 | good | čarakɔ | čarakɔ |
92 | bad | čalkma | čalkma |
93 | blind | kulyuk | kuluk |
94 | deaf | ŋamama | ŋamama |
95 | saliva | wudak | wudak |
See also
References
- ^ Nordlinger, Rachel. 2017. "The languages of the Daly River region (Northern Australia)." In Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, & Nicholas Evans (eds.), Oxford handbook of polysynthesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ N11 Pungupungu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Tryon, Darrell. 1980. "Pungupungu and Wadyiginy: Typologically Constrastive Dialects." In Bruce Rigsby and Peter Sutton (eds.), Papers in Australian Linguistics No.~13: Contributions to Australian Linguistics, 277-287. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- ^ N226 Giyug at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Tryon, Darrell T. "The Daly River Languages: A Survey". In Aguas, E.F. and Tryon, D. editors, Papers in Australian Linguistics No. 3. A-14:21-49. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1968. doi:10.15144/PL-A14.21
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- Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
- Families in italics have no living members.
- Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
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