Zhang Bojun
Zhang Bojun | |
---|---|
章伯钧 | |
Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference | |
In office December 1954 – January 1958 | |
Chairman | Zhou Enlai |
Minister of Communications | |
In office February 1947 – January 1958 | |
Succeeded by | Wang Shoudao |
Chairman of Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party | |
In office February 1947 – January 1958 | |
Succeeded by | Ji Fang |
Vice Chairman of China Democratic League | |
In office December 1949 – January 1958 | |
Chairman | Zhang Lan Shen Junru |
Personal details | |
Born | (1895-11-17)November 17, 1895 Tongcheng, Anhui |
Died | May 17, 1969(1969-05-17) (aged 73) Beijing |
Nationality | Chinese |
Political party | Chinese Communist Party Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party China Democratic League |
Children | Zhang Yihe |
Alma mater | Humboldt University of Berlin |
Zhang Bojun (simplified Chinese: 章伯钧; traditional Chinese: 章伯鈞; pinyin: Zhāng Bójūn; November 17, 1895 – May 17, 1969) was a Chinese politician and intellectual, and was removed from his ministerial position in the late 1950s after being declared "China's number one rightist."
Biography
Zhang graduated from the Anhui Province Tongcheng Secondary School and in 1916 completed the test to enter the Wuhan Advanced Normal School (what is now Wuhan University). In 1920 he became an English teacher at the Anhui Fourth Normal School (Anhui Xuancheng Middle School today), where he taught for a year.[citation needed]
In 1922 Zhang traveled to Germany—on the same boat as Zhu De—to study philosophy for the next four years. This trip was due to the support of Xu Shiying, a high-ranking Nationalist politician who held Zhang in high regard. After arriving in Germany, Zhang joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) after becoming friends with Zhu De (Field Marshal and Supreme Military Commander of the New China), his roommate at the time. Zhang left the CCP following the doom of the “August First” military uprising at Nanchang in 1927, and over the years, in collaboration with others, founded the so-called "third parties", known today as the Chinese Democratic Party of Peasants and Workers, and the China Democratic League. Before his revolutionary career, Zhang was the dean of No.4 Normal School (Xuancheng High School) in his home province of Anhui (where he had taught at the beginning of his career), and later an English professor in Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province.[citation needed]
He was appointed Vice-Chairman of the 2nd CPPCC, National Committee of the People’s Republic of China (1954–1959),[1] and minister in charge of transportation. Vocal during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Zhang was removed by Mao Zedong from his minister's position and made a public enemy during the Anti-Rightist Campaign in 1957, being labeled "China’s number one rightist".[2]
His 10,000-volume family library was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s.[3] His daughter Zhang Yihe is a writer whose history books have been censored.[4] Even several years after his death, Chinese communists still criticised him and defended the CCP’s actions.[5]
With his political ambitions unfulfilled and reform goals unaccomplished, Zhang lived a Renaissance man’s life in his private library of ancient books and art relics after his removal from the many positions he once held. At least until the Cultural Revolution, he could retreat to this last sanctuary to reflect back on his journey from an early member of the CCP and a leader in the “August First” military uprising (1927), to a high-level power broker between the CCP and third-party political forces (late 1940s), and on to an enthusiast of the New China. He was once made an offer by the central government to live in exile abroad with state funding, but Zhang rejected the offer, and said, “Please convey to Chairman Mao, Zhang Bojun was born on this land, and he will die on this land”, as quoted in his daughter’s best seller of 2004 as well as unofficial biographies of friends and associates of Zhang and his family. Also quoted in his daughter’s best seller was Zhang’s own personal motto: “I do not judge myself by the honors I hold or by the indignities forced upon me, nor do I judge others by their successes and failures in life.” Taking great personal pride in his contributions to the founding of the People's Republic, Zhang rose early on October 1 of every year to prepare for the celebration of the new republic's birthday, dressing up very meticulously for the occasion. He kept up this practice even after he was stripped of all of his titles.[citation needed]
Zhang died of stomach cancer and the family believed that depression as a result of his political downfall may have contributed to the deterioration of his health.[citation needed]
To his consolation in a poetic sense, in the TV docu-drama series The Liberation, made in China to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic, Zhang was portrayed fairly accurately in his activities as a power-broker in the late 1940s,[citation needed] though overall the role in the TV docu-drama was minor.[citation needed]
References
- ^ Biography, China Vitæ, retrieved 2007-01-19.
- ^ The International PEN Award For Independent Chinese Writing, EastSouthWestNorth, retrieved 2007-01-09.
- ^ Como o Partido Comunista Chinês destruiu a cultura tradicional Archived February 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, La Gran Época editorial, 2006-03-23, retrieved 2007-01-19 (in Portuguese).
- ^ China Censura Livros Sobre Episódios de sua História Archived July 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, O Estado de S. Paulo, 2007-01-19, from EFE. Retrieved 2007-01-19 (in Portuguese).
- ^ QUE, Wei, The Real Intentions of Zhang Bojun and Other Rightists in Opposing Writing Reform. Chinese Education, 10, 3–4, 121–5, F/W 77–78. 1977. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
Party political offices | ||
---|---|---|
New title | President of the Guangming Daily 1949–1957 | Succeeded by |
New title | Chairman of the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party 1947–1958 | Succeeded by |
Government offices | ||
New title | PRC Minister of Communications 1954–1958 | Succeeded by |
- v
- t
- e
(1949–1954)
(1954–1959)
- Soong Ching-ling
- Dong Biwu
- Li Jishen
- Zhang Lan
- Guo Moruo
- Peng Zhen
- Shen Junru
- Huang Yanpei
- He Xiangning
- Li Weihan
- Li Siguang
- Chen Shutong
Zhang Bojun(removed 1956)- Tan Kah Kee
- Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni
- Burhan Shahidi (added 1958)
(1959–1965)
- Peng Zhen
- Li Jishen
- Guo Moruo
- Shen Junru
- Huang Yanpei
Li Weihan(removed 1964)- Li Siguang
- Chen Shutong
- Tan Kah Kee
- Burhan Shahidi
- Chen Yi
- Kang Sheng
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
- He Xiangning (added 1960)
(1965–1978)
(1978–1983)
- Ulanhu
- Wei Guoqing
- Peng Chong
- Zhao Ziyang
- Guo Moruo
- Song Renqiong
- Mao Dun
- Xu Deheng
- Ouyang Qin
- Shi Liang
- Zhu Yunshan
- Kang Keqing
- Ji Fang
- Wang Shoudao
- Yang Jingren
- Zhang Chong
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Zhou Jianren
- Zhuang Xiquan
- Hu Zi'ang
- Rong Yiren
- Tong Dizhou
- Liu Lantao (added; secretary-general)
- Lu Dingyi (added)
- Li Weihan (added)
- Hu Yuzhi (added)
- Wang Kunlun (added)
- Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni (added)
- He Changgong (added)
- Xiao Ke (added)
- Cheng Zihua (added)
- Yang Xiufeng (added)
- Sha Qianli (added)
- Burhan Shahidi (added)
- Zhou Peiyuan (added)
- Qian Changzhao (added)
- Liu Fei (added)
- Dong Qiwu (added)
(1983–1988)
- Yang Jingren
- Liu Lantao
- Lu Dingyi
- Cheng Zihua
- Kang Keqing
- Ji Fang
- Zhuang Xiquan
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Hu Zi'ang
- Wang Kunlun
- Qian Changzhao
- Dong Qiwu
- Tao Zhiyue
- Zhou Shutao
- Yang Chengwu
- Xiao Hua
- Chen Zaidao
- Lü Zhengcao
- Zhou Jianren
- Zhou Peiyuan
- Burhan Shahidi
- Miao Yuntai
- Wang Guangying
- Deng Zhaoxiang
- Fei Xiaotong
- Zhao Puchu
- Ye Shengtao
- Qu Wu
- Ba Jin
- Ma Wenrui (added)
- Mao Yisheng (added)
- Liu Jingji (added)
- Hua Luogeng (added)
- Wang Enmao (added)
- Qian Xuesen (added)
- Lei Jieqiong (added)
- Wang Feng (added)
- Qian Weichang (added)
(1988–1993)
- Wang Renzhong
- Yan Mingfu
- Fang Yi
- Gu Mu
- Yang Jingren
- Kang Keqing
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Hu Zi'ang
- Qian Changzhao
- Zhou Peiyuan
- Miao Yuntai
- Wang Guangying
- Deng Zhaoxiang
- Zhao Puchu
- Qu Wu
- Ba Jin
- Ma Wenrui
- Liu Jingji
- Wang Enmao
- Qian Xuesen
- Qian Weichang
- Hu Sheng
- Sun Xiaocun
- Cheng Siyuan
- Lu Jiaxi
- Qian Zhengying
- Su Buqing
- Ismail Amat
- Hou Jingru (added)
- K. H. Ting (added)
- Hong Xuezhi (added)
- Ye Xuanping (added)
(1993–1998)
- Ye Xuanping
- Wu Xueqian
- Yang Rudai
- Wang Zhaoguo
- Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
- Saifuddin Azizi
- Hong Xuezhi
- Yang Jingren
- Zhou Peiyuan
- Deng Zhaoxiang
- Zhao Puchu
- Ba Jin
- Liu Jingji
- Qian Xuesen
- Qian Weichang
- Hu Sheng
- Qian Zhengying
- Su Buqing
- Hou Jingru
- K. H. Ting
- Dong Yinchu
- Sun Fuling
- Ann Tse-kai
- Henry Fok
- Ma Man-kei
- Zhu Guangya (added)
- Wan Guoquan (added)
- He Luli (added)
(1998–2003)
- Ye Xuanping
- Yang Rudai
- Wang Zhaoguo
- Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
- Zhao Puchu
- Ba Jin
- Qian Weichang
- Lu Jiaxi
- Ren Jianxin
- Song Jian
- Li Guixian
- Chen Junsheng
- Zhang Siqing
- Qian Zhengying
- K. H. Ting
- Sun Fuling
- Ann Tse-kai
- Henry Fok
- Ma Man-kei
- Zhu Guangya
- Wan Guoquan
- Hu Qili
- Chen Jinhua
- Zhao Nanqi
- Mao Zhiyong
- Bai Lichen
- Jing Shuping
- Luo Haocai
- Zhang Kehui
- Zhou Tienong
- Wang Wenyuan
(2003–2008)
- Wang Zhongyu
- Liao Hui
- Liu Yandong
- Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
- Ba Jin
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Li Guixian
- Zhang Siqing
- K. H. Ting
- Henry Fok
- Ma Man-kei
- Bai Lichen
- Luo Haocai
- Zhang Kehui
- Zhou Tienong
- Hao Jianxiu
- Chen Kuiyuan
- Ablet Abdureshit
- Xu Kuangdi
- Li Zhaozhuo
- Huang Mengfu
- Wang Xuan
- Zhang Huaixi
- Li Meng
- Tung Chee-hwa (added 2005)
- Zhang Meiying (added 2005)
- Zhang Rongming (added 2005)
(2008–2013)
- Wang Gang
- Liao Hui
- Du Qinglin
- Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Ma Man-kei
- Bai Lichen
- Chen Kuiyuan
- Ablet Abdureshit
- Li Zhaozhuo
- Huang Mengfu
- Tung Chee-hwa
- Zhang Meiying
- Zhang Rongming
- Qian Yunlu (secretary-general)
- Sun Jiazheng
- Li Jinhua
- Zheng Wantong
- Deng Pufang
- Wan Gang
- Lin Wenyi
- Li Wuwei
- Luo Fuhe
- Chen Zongxing
- Wang Zhizhen
- Edmund Ho (added 2010)
(2013–2018)
- Du Qinglin
Ling Jihua(removed 2015)- Han Qide
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Tung Chee-hwa
- Wan Gang
- Lin Wenyi
- Luo Fuhe
- Edmund Ho
- Zhang Qingli (secretary-general)
- Li Haifeng
Su Rong(removed 2014)- Chen Yuan
- Lu Zhangong
- Zhou Xiaochuan
- Wang Jiarui
- Wang Zhengwei
- Ma Biao
- Qi Xuchun
- Chen Xiaoguang
- Ma Peihua
- Liu Xiaofeng
- Wang Qinmin
- Leung Chun-ying (added 2017)
(2018–2023)
- Zhang Qingli
- Liu Qibao
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Tung Chee-hwa
- Wan Gang
- Edmund Ho
- Lu Zhangong
- Wang Zhengwei
- Ma Biao
- Chen Xiaoguang
- Leung Chun-ying
- Xia Baolong (secretary-general)
- Yang Chuantang
- Li Bin (secretary-general)
- Bagatur
- Wang Yongqing
- He Lifeng
- Su Hui
- Zheng Jianbang
- Gu Shengzu
- Liu Xincheng
- He Wei
- Shao Hong
- Gao Yunlong
(2023–present)
- Shi Taifeng
- Hu Chunhua
- Shen Yueyue
- Wang Yong
- Zhou Qiang
- Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
- Edmund Ho
- Leung Chun-ying
- Bagatur
- Su Hui
- Shao Hong
- Gao Yunlong
- Chen Wu
- Mu Hong
- Xian Hui
- Wang Dongfeng (secretary-general)
- Jiang Xinzhi
- Jiang Zuojun
- He Baoxiang
- Wang Guangqian
- Qin Boyong
- Zhu Yongxin
- Yang Zhen