Sambhuvarman
Jaya Sambhuvarman | |||||
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King of Campādeśa King of Lâm Ấp (Bestowed by the Sui dynasty) | |||||
King of Lâm Ấp | |||||
Reign | 572–629 AD | ||||
Coronation | 572 AD | ||||
Predecessor | Rudravarman I | ||||
Successor | Kandarpadharma | ||||
Born | ? ? | ||||
Died | 629 Simhapura, Champa | ||||
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Dynasty | Simhapura dynasty | ||||
Father | Rudravarman I | ||||
Mother | ? |
Jaya Sambhuvarman of Champa (Chinese: 商菩跋摩 / Shang-bèi-bá-mā), personal name Fan Fanzhi (Chinese: 范梵志), was the king of Lâm Ấp from 572 to 629 AD.
Relation with Sui China
In 595 AD, Sambhuvarman sent tribute to the Sui dynasty of China. Due to a myth that Champa was an immensely rich area, Sui officials began to take a special interest in it;[1] in 605 Yang Chien ordered general Liu Fang to invade Lâm Ấp.[2] Sambhuvarman's army faced off against the Chinese forces with many war elephants. At first they had some success, but Liu Fang's troops dug ditches and covered them with twigs.[3] The elephants were alarmed by the ditches and retreated, causing disorder in Sambhuvarman's army. It was completely routed, with immense slaughter.[3] Liu Fang pursued the Cham remains as far as the bronze column of Ma Yuan.
The capital, Trà Kiệu, was abandoned. Within eight days, the Chinese forces arrived and pillaged the city.[3] Their plunder included over one thousand Buddhist books as well as the gold tablets commemorating the reigns of the previous eighteen kings.[4] The Sui immediately set up an administration in Lâm Ấp and divided the country into 3 counties: Tỷ Ảnh, Hải Âm and Tượng Lâm.[5] Liu Fang cut a stone inscription to commemorate his victory and then started for China, but on the way the army was hit by an outbreak of disease which killed large numbers of the officers and men, including Liu Fang.[1][6]
The Sui effort to administer parts of Champa directly was short-lived. Sambhuvarman reasserted his power and sent an embassy to the Sui to "acknowledge his fault."[1] The Cham quickly regained independence during the troubles accompanying the collapse of the Sui empire, and sent a gift to the new Tang Empire's ruler in 623.[5]
Legacy
Around 600 AD, Sambhuvarman authorized the construction of the Mỹ Sơn Bhadresvara temple.[7][8] He reinstalled the god under the name Sambhu-Bhadresvara, and erected a stele to document the event. The stele affirmed that Sambhu-Bhadresvara was the creator of the world and the destroyer of sin, and expressed the wish that he "cause happiness in the kingdom of Champa."[9] The stele also applauded the king himself, claiming that he was "like a terrestrial sun illuminating the night" and that his glory rose "like the moon on an autumn evening."[10]
References
- ^ a b c Wright 1979, p. 109.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 163.
- ^ a b c Aymonier 1893, p. 8.
- ^ Maspero 2002, p. 43.
- ^ a b Schafer 1967, p. 74.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 165.
- ^ Hubert 2012, p. 223.
- ^ Higham 2014, p. 326.
- ^ Ngô 2005, p. 14.
- ^ Maspero 2002, p. 44.
Bibliography
- Aymonier, Etienne (1893), The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China), Oriental University Institute, ISBN 978-1-14997-414-8
- Higham, Charles (2014), Early Mainland Southeast Asia: From First Humans to Angkor, River Books, ISBN 6-1673-3944-9
- Hubert, Jean-François (2012), The Art of Champa, Parkstone International, ISBN 978-1-780-42964-9
- Maspero, Georges (2002), The Champa Kingdom, White Lotus Co., Ltd, ISBN 978-9-74753-499-3
- Ngô, Văn Doanh (2005), Mỹ Sơn relics, Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers, OCLC 646634414
- Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South, Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-52001-145-8
- Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), The Birth of the Vietnam, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0
- Wright, Arthur F. (1979), "The Sui dynasty (581–617)", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Sui and T'ang China, 589-906 AD, Part One. Volume 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 48–149, ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9
Preceded by Rudravarman I 529–572 | King of Champa 572–629 | Succeeded by Kandarpadharma 629–? |
- v
- t
- e
Lâm Ấp
192-605
Xitu
- Khu Liên
- Phạm Hùng
- Phạm Dật
- Phạm Văn
- Phạm Phật
- Bhadravarman I (Phạm Hồ Đạt)
- Gangaraja (Phạm Địch Chớn)
- Manorathavarman
- Gangarajavarman II (Phạm Địch Văn)
- Phạm Dương Mại I
- Phạm Dương Mại II
- Phạm Thần Thành
- Phạm Đang Căng Thuần
- Phạm Chư Nông
- Phạm Văn Tẩn
- Devavarman (Phạm Thiên Khởi)
- Vijayavarman
- Rudravarman I
Chiêm Thành
875–1471
- Jaya Sambhuvarman
- Kandarpadharma (Fan Touli)
- Prabhasadharma (Fan Zhenlong)
- Bhadresvaravarman
- Daughter of Kandarpadharma (female)
- Vikrantavarman I
- Naravahanavarman
- Vikrantavarman II
- Rudravarman II
- Prithindravarman
- Satyavarman
- Indravarman I
- Harivarman I
- Vikrantavarman III
- Indravarman II
- Jaya Simhavarman I
- Saktivarman
- Bhadravarman II
- Indravarman III
- Jaya Indravarman I
- Paramesvaravarman I
- Indravarman IV
- Lieou Ki-Tsong (Lưu Kế Tông)
- Harivarman II
- Yang Bo Zhan
- Sri Vijayavarman (Yang Pu Ku Vijaya)
- Harivarman III
- Paramesvaravarman II
- Vikrantavarman IV
- Jaya Sinhavarman II
- Jaya Paramesvaravarman I
- Bhadravarman III
- Rudravarman III
- Harivarman IV
- Jaya Indravarman II
- Paramabhodhisatva
- Harivarman V
- Jaya Indravarman III
- Rudravarman IV
- Jaya Harivarman I
- Jaya Harivarman II
- Jaya Indravarman IV
- Suryajayavarmadeva (Khmer vassal)
- Suryavarmadeva (Khmer vassal)
- Jaya Indravarman V (Khmer vassal)
- Khmer occupation
- Jaya Paramesvaravarman II
- Jaya Indravarman VI
- Indravarman V
- Jaya Sinhavarman III (Chế Mân)
- Jaya Sinhavarman IV (Chế Chí)
- Chế Năng
- Jaya Ananda (Chế A Nan)
- Maha Sawa (Trà Hòa Bố Để)
- Po Binasuor (Chế Bồng Nga)
- Jaya Simhavarman V (La Ngai)
- Indravarman VI (Ba Đích Lại)
- Virabhadravarman
- Maha Kali (Ma Kha Quý Lai)
- Maha Vijaya (Ma Kha Bí Cai)
- Maha Kaya (Ma Kha Quý Do)
- Maha Saya (Bàn La Trà Duyệt)
- Maha Sajan (Bàn La Trà Toàn)
- Maha Sajai (Bàn La Trà Toại)
Principality of Thuận Thành
1471–1835
- Bố Trì Trì
- Zhai Ya Ma Wu An
- Gu Lai
- Sha Gu Bu Luo
- Sha Ri Di Zhai
- Po Kabih
- Po Karut Drak
- Po Maho Sarak
- Po Kunarai
- Po At
- Po Klaong Halau
- Po Nit
- Po Jai Paran
- Po Aih Khang
- Po Klaong Mah Nai
- Po Rome
- Po Nraup (Bà Tấm)
- Po Saktiraydapaghoh
- Po Jatamah
- Po Saut (Bà Tranh)
- Vietnamese occupation
- Po Saktiraydapatih (Kế Bà Tử)
- Po Ganuhpatih
- Po Thuntiraidaputih
- Po Rattiraydaputao
- Po Tisundimahrai
- Po Tisuntiraydapaghoh
- Po Tisuntiraidapuran (Nguyễn Văn Tá)
- Po Thong Khang
- Po Krei Brei (Nguyễn Văn Chiêu)
- Po Ladhuanpuguh (Nguyễn Văn Hào)
- Po Saong Nyung Ceng (Nguyễn Văn Chấn)
- Po Bait Lan
- Po Klan Thu (Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh)
- Po Phaok The (Nguyễn Văn Thừa)
- Po War Palei (La Bôn Vương)