PrimPol

PRIMPOL
Identifiers
Aliases	PRIMPOL, CCDC111, MYP22, primase and DNA directed polymerase, Primpol1, PrimPol
External IDs	OMIM: 615421; MGI: 3603756; HomoloGene: 14065; GeneCards: PRIMPOL; OMA:PRIMPOL - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human)[1] Band 4q35.1 Start 184,649,667 bp[1] End 184,694,963 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse)[2] Band 8|8 B1.1 Start 46,575,594 bp[2] End 46,617,212 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in cerebellar hemisphere right hemisphere of cerebellum Achilles tendon gonad anterior pituitary right uterine tube right ovary left ovary tibial nerve body of uterus Top expressed in granulocyte Paneth cell blastocyst zygote medullary collecting duct blood morula yolk sac thymus genital tubercle More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function DNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity transferase activity DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity nucleotidyltransferase activity chromatin binding protein binding manganese ion binding DNA primase activity Cellular component mitochondrial matrix nucleus mitochondrion Biological process translesion synthesis RNA biosynthetic process response to UV mitochondrial DNA replication DNA repair replication fork processing cellular response to DNA damage stimulus DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer DNA replication Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 201973 408022 Ensembl ENSG00000164306 ENSMUSG00000038225 UniProt Q96LW4 Q6P1E7 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001300767 NM_001300768 NM_152683 NM_001345891 NM_001345892 NM_001345893 NM_001345894 NM_001345895 NM_001345896 NM_001345897 NM_001345898 NM_001345899 NM_001345900 NM_001345901 NM_001001184 RefSeq (protein) NP_001287696 NP_001287697 NP_001332820 NP_001332821 NP_001332822 NP_001332823 NP_001332824 NP_001332825 NP_001332826 NP_001332827 NP_001332828 NP_001332829 NP_001332830 NP_689896 NP_001001184 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 184.65 – 184.69 Mb Chr 8: 46.58 – 46.62 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

PrimPol is a protein encoded by the PRIMPOL gene in humans.^[5][6][7] PrimPol is a eukaryotic protein with both DNA polymerase and DNA Primase activities involved in translesion DNA synthesis. It is the first eukaryotic protein to be identified with priming activity using deoxyribonucleotides.^[6][7] It is also the first protein identified in the mitochondria to have translesion DNA synthesis activities.

Etymology

PrimPol was identified in a bioinformatic study and initially presumed to only have primase activity.^[8] Subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown it to have both primase and polymerase activities that both localise to the catalytic domain of PrimPol.^[6][7][9] For that reason, this protein was assigned the name PrimPol.

Function

PrimPol is a DNA primase and DNA polymerase involved in DNA replication. Unlike the other known DNA polymerases, PrimPol can initiate replication without the need of an RNA primer and can extend from primers produced by PrimPol.^[6][7] PrimPol preferentially initiates replication using deoxynucleotides, rather than ribonucleotides and will only extend from a nascent DNA chain using deoxynucleotides. PrimPol exhibits a 1000-fold bias towards Watson-Crick base pairing when extending DNA chains. PrimPol plays an as yet unidentified role in unperturbed replication, PrimPol depleted cells slow replication fork progression, proliferate slower and show an increased RPA foci.^[6][7]

Translesion DNA synthesis

PrimPol is predicted to play a role in translesion DNA synthesis. When the replication fork reaches a site of DNA damage it stalls, which can lead to lethal single stranded gaps and double strand breaks. PrimPol is one of a number of polymerases that can be recruited to replicate past sites of DNA damage. PrimPol localises to chromatin following UV irradiation.^[6] PrimPol is able to bypass the highly distortive Pyrimidine dimers produced as a result of UV irradiation of DNA in vitro.^[6][7] PrimPol requires its primase activity to bypass UV lesions in vivo without stalling.^[9][10] Taken together these data suggest that PrimPol has two separate modes of action to bypass lesions, one in direct read-through of lesions in a classical translesion DNA synthesis manner and one in priming downstream of the lesion and the gap filled in postreplicatively.

In addition to UV lesions, PrimPol is capable of bypassing the 8-Oxoguanine bases that are produced in response to oxidative stress, this is of particular importance in the oxidative environment of the mitochondria.^[7] The replicative DNA polymerase identified in the mitochondria, pol γ, deals with these lesions poorly. Furthermore, PrimPol is capable of bypassing an AP site in approximately 80% of cases.^[7]

Structure

PrimPol is formed of two protein domains, a catalytic primase-polymerase domain and a zinc finger domain.^[6][7] The primase and polymerase catalytic functions of PrimPol localise to the primase-polymerase domain but primase activity of PrimPol requires the zinc finger domain.^[9][10]

Subcellular localization

PrimPol has been found to be mainly located in the cytosol (47%), with large fractions also found in the mitochondria (34%), and nuclear compartments (19%).^[7] The mitochondrial fraction of PrimPol is found to be in the matrix of the mitochondria, as opposed to the either the membrane or intermembrane space.

PrimPol mutations

A mutation in the PRIMPOL gene has been correlated with myopia.^[11][12] This tyrosine to aspartate (Y89D) mutation has been shown to produce a poorly processive variant of the PrimPol protein, and this Y89D variant impedes replication forks in vivo.^[12]

References