List of electoral systems by country
A joint Politics and Economics series |
Social choice and electoral systems |
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Single-winner methods Single vote-plurality methods
Condorcet methods
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Party-list
Non-deterministic |
By results of combination By mechanism of combination
By ballot type |
Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Pathological response
Paradoxes of majority rule
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Impossibility theorems
Positive results
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This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.
Maps
Head of state | Lower house or unicameral legislature | Upper house |
---|---|---|
First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Election by legislature Election by electoral college Not elected (mostly monarchies) In transition No information | Single-member constituencies: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting (IRV) Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian: Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV Modified Borda count Multi-member constituencies, proportional: Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list for some parties) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list) Panachage (party-list PR, free list) Personalised proportional representation (party-list PR and FPTP) Mixed majoritarian and proportional: Mixed-member proportional representation (Seat linkage mixed system) (party-list PR and FPTP) Limited seat linkage mixed system (party-list PR and FPTP) (less proportional implementation of of MMP) Parallel voting / mixed member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP) Parallel voting (party-list PR and TRS) Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV) Vote linkage mixed system or limited Seat linkage mixed system (party-list PR and FPTP) ((partially compensatory semi-proportional implementation of of MMP) (party-list PR and FPTP) Majority bonus system (non-compensatory) Majority jackpot system (compensatory) No relevant electoral system information: No elections Varies by state No information | Single-member constituencies: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting (IRV) Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian: Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV Mixed BV and SNTV Multi-member constituencies, proportional: Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, partially-open list) Partially party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Mixed majoritarian and proportional: Parallel voting / Mixed-member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP) Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV) Parallel voting (party-list PR and SNTV) Other: Varies by federal states, or constituency Indirect election: Election by electoral college or local/regional legislatures Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures and appointed by head of state Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures, partly elected in single-member districts by FPTP, and partly appointed by head of state No relevant electoral system information: No elections Appointed by head of state No information / In transition |
Electoral systems by country
Democracies and hybrid regimes
Country | Body or office | Type of body or office | Electoral system | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | President | Head of state | Elected by the Parliament | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Algeria | President | Head of state | Two-round system | |
Council of the Nation | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
People's National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Andorra | Co-Princes | Head of state |
| |
General Council | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Angola | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Antigua and Barbuda | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Argentina | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Limited voting | Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists) | |
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation (MMDs with DM 5 to 70) | ||
Armenia | President | Head of State | Appointed by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system | ||
Australia | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Single transferable vote | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Instant-runoff voting | ||
Austria | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Federal Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by federal states' legislatures | ||
National Council | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Bahamas | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | ||
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Bangladesh | President | Head of State | Elected by the Jatiya Sangsad | |
Jatiya Sangsad | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Barbados | President | Head of State | Elected by the Parliament | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the President | ||
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Belgium | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Belize | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Benin | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Bhutan | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
National Council | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Bolivia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | 50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate |
Chamber of Senators | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed-member proportional representation | ||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Presidency | Heads of State | First-past-the-post | |
House of Peoples | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by entities legislatures | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Botswana | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Brazil | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Bulgaria | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Burundi | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Canada | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor General | ||
House of Commons | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Cape Verde | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Chile | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Colombia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Cook Islands | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Costa Rica | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | 40% of the vote to win in the first round |
Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Croatia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Cyprus | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Czech Republic | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Denmark | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Folketing | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Dominica | President | Head of state | Elected by the House of Assembly | |
House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Dominican Republic | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
East Timor | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Ecuador | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Congress | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
El Salvador | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Estonia | President | Head of State | Elected by the Riigikogu | |
Riigikogu | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Fiji | President | Head of state | Elected by the Parliament | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Finland | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
France | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by local councillors | ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Gabon | Currently no elections are held | |||
Georgia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Germany | President | Head of State | Elected by the Bundestag and State delegates | |
Bundesrat | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by State Governments | ||
Bundestag | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed-member proportional representation | ||
Greece | President | Head of State | Elected by the Hellenic Parliament | |
Hellenic Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system | ||
Grenada | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Guatemala | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Congress of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Guyana | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Honduras | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
National Congress | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Hungary | President | Head of State | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Mixed-member majoritarian: 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of partially compensatory system)[1] | ||
Iceland | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
Alþing | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
India | President | Head of state | Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and state legislative assemblies | |
Rajya Sabha | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Lok Sabha | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Indonesia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Regional Representative Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Single non-transferable vote | ||
People's Representative Council | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Iraq | President | Head of state | Elected by the Council of Representatives | |
Council of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | Single non-transferable vote | ||
Ireland | President | Head of State | Instant-runoff voting | |
Seanad Éireann | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Dáil Éireann | Lower chamber of legislature | Single transferable vote | ||
Israel | President | Head of State | Elected by the Knesset | |
Knesset | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Italy | President | Head of State | Elected by the Italian Parliament and regional councils | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Mixed-member majoritarian:
| ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed-member majoritarian:
| ||
Ivory Coast | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Jamaica | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Japan | Emperor | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
House of Councillors | Upper chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Jordan | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the King | ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Kenya | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | 50% of the vote and 25% of the vote in 24 counties |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature |
| ||
Kiribati | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Kyrgyzstan | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Supreme Council | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Latvia | President | Head of state | Elected by the Saeima | |
Saeima | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Lebanon | President | Head of state | Elected by the Parliament | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Lesotho | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed-member proportional representation | ||
Liberia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Liechtenstein | Prince | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Landtag | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Lithuania | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Seimas | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Luxembourg | Grand Duke | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Madagascar | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | |||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Malawi | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Malaysia | Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Head of State | Elective monarchy | |
Dewan Negara | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Dewan Rakyat | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Maldives | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
People's Majlis | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Malta | President | Head of state | Elected by the House of Representatives | |
House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | Single transferable vote | ||
Marshall Islands | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the Legislature | |
Legislature | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting | ||
Mauritania | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Mauritius | President | Head of State | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Mexico | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Micronesia | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the Congress | |
Congress | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Moldova | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Monaco | Prince | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
National Council | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Mongolia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
State Great Khural | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting | ||
Montenegro | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Morocco | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
House of Councillors | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regions | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Mozambique | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Namibia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regional councils | ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature |
| ||
Nauru | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the Parliament | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Dowdall system | ||
Nepal | President | Head of state | Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and the provincial assemblies | |
National Assembly | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by provincial assemblies | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Netherlands | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by provincial councils | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
New Zealand | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Mixed-member proportional representation | ||
Nigeria | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Niue | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Assembly | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
North Macedonia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Norway | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Storting | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Pakistan | President | Head of state | Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and provincial assemblies | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by provincial assemblies | ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Palau | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Plurality block voting | ||
House of Delegates | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Panama | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Papua New Guinea | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
National Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Instant runoff voting | ||
Paraguay | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Peru | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Congress | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Philippines | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Plurality block voting | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Poland | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Sejm | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Portugal | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Romania | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Saint Lucia | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | ||
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Samoa | O le Ao o le Malo | Head of state | Elected by the Legislative Assembly | |
Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
San Marino | Captains Regent | Head of state | Elected by the Grand and General Council | |
Grand and General Council | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system | ||
São Tomé and Príncipe | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Senegal | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Serbia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Seychelles | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Sierra Leone | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Singapore | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Slovakia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National Council | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Slovenia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by groups of experts | ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Solomon Islands | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
National Parliament | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
South Africa | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Council of Provinces | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by the Provinces' Legislatures | ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
South Korea | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Combination of parallel voting and additional member system: FPTP (253 seats) / AMS party list (30 seats) / parallel party list (closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) (17 seats) | ||
Spain | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Congress of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Sri Lanka | President | Head of State and Government | Instant-runoff voting | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Suriname | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Sweden | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Riksdag | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Switzerland | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the Federal Assembly | |
Council of States | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Council | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Taiwan | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
Legislative Yuan | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Tanzania | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Thailand | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by groups of experts | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Tonga | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Trinidad and Tobago | President | Head of state | Elected by all members of the Senate and House of Representatives | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the President | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Tunisia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Council of Regions and Districts | Upper chamber legislature | Elected by the regional and district councils | ||
Assembly of the Representatives of the People | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Turkey | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Grand National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Tuvalu | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting | ||
Uganda | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Ukraine | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Verkhovna Rada | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
United Kingdom | King | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
House of Lords | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
House of Commons | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
United States | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the electoral college | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature |
| ||
Uruguay | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Chamber of Senators | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Vanuatu | President | Head of state | Elected by the Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Single non-transferable vote | ||
Vatican City | Pope | Head of State | Elective monarchy | |
Zambia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post |
Authoritarian regimes
According to the Economist Democracy Index 2023 on electoral process and pluralism. These countries have no elections or sham elections.
Country | Body or office | Type of body or office | Electoral system | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Currently no elections are held | |||
Azerbaijan | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Bahrain | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
Consultative Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the King | ||
Council of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Belarus | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Council of Republic | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regional councils | ||
House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Brunei | Currently no elections are held | |||
Burkina Faso | Currently no elections are held | |||
Burundi | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Cambodia | King | Head of State | Elective monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Cameroon | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature |
| ||
Central African Republic | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Chad | Currently no elections are held | |||
China | Currently no elections are held | |||
Comoros | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Assembly of the Union | Unicameral legislature | Two-round system | ||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | |||
Republic of the Congo | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regional councils | ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Cuba | President | Head of state | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly of People's Power | Unicameral legislature | Two-round system | ||
Djibouti | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Mixed-member majoritarian:
| ||
East Timor | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Ecuador | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Congress | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Egypt | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Equatorial Guinea | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Chamber of People's Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Eritrea | Currently no elections are held | |||
Eswatini | Ngwenyama | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Ethiopia | President | Head of State | Elected by the Federal Parliamentary Assembly | |
House of Federation | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by the State Councils | ||
House of Peoples' Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Gabon | Currently no elections are held | |||
Guinea | Currently no elections are held | |||
Guinea-Bissau | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Haiti | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Iran | Supreme Leader | Head of State | Elected by the Assembly of Experts | |
President | Head of Government | Two-round system | ||
Islamic Consultative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | |||
Assembly of Experts | Electoral College | |||
Kuwait | Emir | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Single non-transferable vote | ||
Laos | President | Head of state | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting | ||
Libya | Currently no elections are held | |||
Mali | Currently no elections are held | |||
Mauritania | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature |
| ||
Mozambique | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Myanmar | Currently no elections are held | |||
Nicaragua | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Niger | Currently no elections are held | |||
North Korea | Supreme People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
Oman | Sultan | Head of State and Government | Hereditary monarchy | |
Council of State | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Sultan | ||
Consultative Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Single non-transferable vote | ||
Qatar | Emir | Head of state | Hereditary monarchy | |
Consultative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Russia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
Federation Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by federal subjects' legislatures | ||
State Duma | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Rwanda | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature |
| ||
Saudi Arabia | Currently no elections are held | |||
South Sudan | Currently no elections are held | |||
Sudan | Currently no elections are held | |||
Suriname | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Syria | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
People's Council | Unicameral legislature | Party block voting | ||
Tajikistan | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Assembly of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Togo | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | ||
Turkmenistan | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Assembly | Unicameral of legislature | First-past-the-post | ||
Uzbekistan | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
Legislative Chamber | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | ||
Vatican City | Pope | Head of State | Elective monarchy | |
Venezuela | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting:
| ||
Vietnam | President | Head of State | Elected by the National Assembly | |
National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Two-round system | ||
Yemen | Currently no elections are held | |||
Zimbabwe | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
Senate | Upper chamber of legislature |
| ||
National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting:
|
Countries with limited recognition
Colonies and dependencies
References
- ^ "2011. évi CCIII. Törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye" (in Hungarian).
External links
- ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above.
- A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
- Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project
- PARLINE database from the Inter-Parliamentary Union
- Political Database of the Americas - Georgetown University
- Project for Global Democracy and Human Rights This page links to a table and a world map that is color-coded by the primary electoral system used by each country.