General Bonaparte during the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in Saint-Cloud, detail of painting by François Bouchot, 1840
A coup d'état, often abbreviated to coup, is the overthrow of a lawful government through illegal means. If force or violence are not involved, such an event is sometimes called a soft or bloodless coup. In another variation, a ruler who came to power through legal means may try to stay in power through illegal means, thus preventing the next legal ruler from taking power. These events are called self coups. This is a chronological list of such coups and coup attempts, from ancient times to the present.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2024)
876, Kingdom of Israel: Zimri, a military commander of Israel, killed King Elah and became king himself. Soon after, he committed suicide to avoid being overthrown by his own commander, Omri.
841, Kingdom of Israel: Jehu killed Jehoram of Israel and Ahaziah of Judah, and became king of Israel.
730, Kingdom of Judah: There was a failed coup attempt by Rezin of Aram-Damascus and Pekah of Israel to try to overthrow Ahaz of Judah and the House of David and to replace him with Ben Tav'el.
716, Lydia: King Candaules of Lydia was killed by his bodyguard, Gyges, who then assumed the throne, having conspired with Candaules's wife.
632, Athens: A coup attempt failed in Athens, by Cylon who attempted to establish himself as a tyrant.
41, Rome: Roman EmperorCaligula was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy by officers of the Praetorian Guard, senators, and courtiers, though the conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted.
602, Byzantine Empire: Maurice, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, was deposed by a conspiracy of the Balkan army, which was led by a Thracian junior officer named Flavius Phocas and Maurice's seven sons. Most of the pro-Maurice government officials and generals were executed along with him (excepting Priscus and Philippicus), and Phocas was acclaimed emperor in the church of St. John the Baptist.
610, Heraclian revolt in the Byzantine Empire: The same Phocas who had deposed Maurice eight years earlier was deposed by a conspiracy led by the generals Priscus, his son-in-law, and Heraclius the Elder, the governor of north Africa. The exarch's son, Heraclius the Younger, deposed Phocas with the help of his cousin Niketas.
1170, Goryeo: General Chŏng Chung-bu of Goryeo led a military coup that deposed King Uijong and installed puppet king Myeongjong under military regime.
1455, Joseon dynasty (Korea): Prince Suyang of Joseon led a coup that ousted the government of Prime MinisterHwangbo In and Kim Jong Seo, who were killed during the coup.
1569, 1569 Plot in Sweden: Courtiers of the imprisoned Eric XIV attempted to free and reinstate him, deposing John III of Sweden. The plot was exposed and prevented, and the conspirators were executed.
1622, Janissaries' Revolt in the Ottoman Empire: Janissaries revolted against Osman II and imprisoned him in the Seven Towers. He was murdered shortly afterwards.
1648, Pride's Purge in England: Members of Parliament who wished to continue political negotiations with Charles I were ejected from the House of Commons. Those remaining—known as the Rump—went on to agree that the king should be put on trial for his life.
1769, Ethiopia: Ras Mikael Sehul deposed and killed EmperorIyoas I of Ethiopia in a demonstration of power over the Ethiopian Throne. This action ushered in the Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Princes"), a lengthy period of civil war and chaos in Ethiopia.
1774, Nana Fadnavis, along with 11 other influential Sardars of the Maratha Empire, formed the Barbhai Counsil and overthrew PeshwaRaghunath Rao, who had seized the throne after killing his own nephew, Narayanrao. After his removal, Nana Fadnavis proclaimed 40-day-old son of Narayanrao, Madhavrao II as the next Peshwa, with himself acting as regent.
Revolution of 1809 in Iceland: Danish adventurer Jørgen Jørgensen arrested the governor of Iceland and made himself Protector, declaring the country independent from Denmark. Two months later, English warship HMS Talbot arrived and restored Danish government.
Plan de Hospicio in Mexico: Santanistas succeed in deposing Mariano Arista, culminating in the return of Antonio López de Santa Anna to power and the establishment of his last government.
Haiti: General Sylvain Salnave, opponent of the deposed President Geffrard, seizes power and proclaims himself "Protector of the Republic" after pressure from a mutiny of his adherents[18]
A Pavorosa in Portugal: a planned putsch by the Count of Peniche Caetano Gaspar de Almeida e Noronha [pt] is detected by the Portuguese authorities led by Fontes Pereira de Melo
1904 Honduran coup d'état: On February 8, Manuel Bonilla, with the support of the American mercenary Lee Christmas, carries out a self-coup against the National Congress of Honduras.[24]
Brazil: A failed military coup was led by Lauro Sodré after a week of civil disorder during the Vaccine Revolt.[25][26]
1905
1905 Dominican self-coup attempt: On 24 December, Carlos Morales Languasco plans a self-coup, but only a fraction of Dominican forces had arrived following his order. The plot is discovered by the President's opponents, which leads to Languasco's resignation.[27]
Goudi coup in Greece: A secret society of military officers called the Military League issued a pronunciamiento, resulting in the replacement of Prime Minister Dimitrios Rallis government and various reforms.
31 March Incident in the Ottoman Empire: Shortly after the Young Turk Revolution, members of the military convened on Sultan Ahmet Square to demand reestablishment of Sharia. After a brief period of rival groups claiming to represent the legitimate government, the uprising was suppressed and the former government was ultimately restored.
1912 coup d'état in the Ottoman Empire: Members of the Savior Officers group in the army, a pro-Freedom and Accord Party clique, issued a memorandum to the Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha to resign and dissolve parliament, which was overwhelmingly dominated by the CUP following the rigged 1912 election known as the "election of clubs". The Savior Officers got their wish, resulting in Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's Great Cabinet.
1913
Citizens throng around The Citadel (La ciudadela) building during La decena tragica in 1913
United Kingdom: During the suffragette bombing and arson campaign, Special Branch detectives discovered that the WSPU had plans to create a suffragette "army" known as the "People's Training Corps" and informally as "Mrs Pankhurst's Army".[32] The army was intended to proceed in force to Downing Street to imprison ministers until they conceded women's suffrage.[32] After the discovery of the plans, they were aborted.[32]
1916
Ethiopia: While touring the city of Harar, Lij Iyasu was deposed by a cabal of aristocrats in favor of his aunt Zewditu. Forces loyal to him were defeated at Segale, and Lij Iyasu wandered northwestern Ethiopia with a small band of loyal followers until captured five years later.
China: Yuan Shikai launched a self-coup by proclaiming himself emperor of the Chinese Empire.
Russia (September): In a second coup in Arkhangelsk, Captain Georgi Chaplin expels Popular Socialists' government to Solovetsky Islands, but his attempted coup fails.[33]
Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch trial. Ludendorff is fifth from the left, with Hitler to the right. Ernst Röhm is to the right and in front of Hitler. Note that only two of the defendants, Hitler and Frick, were dressed in civilian clothing.
September uprising (14–29 September 1923). The September Uprising (Bulgarian: Септемврийско въстание, Septemvriysko vastanie) was an armed insurgency staged in September 1923 by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) under Comintern pressure and attempted to overthrow Alexander Tsankov's new government of Bulgaria that had come to power with the coup d'état of 9 June. Besides its communist base, the uprising was also supported by agrarians and anarchists. The uprising's goal was the "establishment of a government of workers and peasants" in Bulgaria.
Beer Hall Putsch in Germany: A failed coup was attempted by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler in Germany against the leaders of the Weimar Republic. The Nazis were repelled by police, and Hitler was later charged with treason.
1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt: Communists attempted a coup against the Estonian government, but their multiple attacks were repelled. Multiple organizers were executed; some escaped to the Soviet Union, but were later executed during the Great Purge.
June Revolution in Albania: A coup d'état overthrew the pro-Ahmet Zogu government and established a leftist government led by Fan Noli. On 24 December of that year, Zogu returned to power, and Noli and his government fled from the country.
1926 Lithuanian coup d'état: A military-organized coup resulted in the replacement of the democratically elected Lithuanian government with a conservative authoritarian government led by Antanas Smetona.
Greece: The dictatorship of General Theodoros Pangalos was overthrown by General Georgios Kondylis.
Bolivia: General Carlos Blanco Galindo overthrew the ministerial cabinet, which had been operating as the Bolivian executive power since the resignation of Hernando Siles Reyes the month prior.
March Incident in Japan: The radical, ultranationalist Sakurakai secret society attempted to start large-scale riots in Tokyo, which instigators hoped would lead to martial law and then a coup d'état by the Imperial Japanese Army. Two attempts to start riots failed, and the leaders of the plot were arrested.
October incident in Japan: The Sakurakai again plotted a coup, this time to be instigated by assassinations of key statesmen and officials. The plot was foiled by some of the plotters abandoning the effort, and leaks that reached the War Minister of Japan.
Business Plot (also called the Wall Street Putsch or the White House Putsch) in the United States: Retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler asserted that wealthy businessmen were plotting to create a fascist veterans' organization with Butler as its leader and use it in a coup d'état to overthrow Roosevelt. While historians have questioned whether or not a coup was actually close to execution, most agree that some sort of "wild scheme" was contemplated and discussed.
1934 Cuban coups d'état [es]: A coup on 15 January overthrew provisional president Ramón Grau. A second coup three days later overthrew his replacement, Carlos Hevia, and installed Carlos Mendieta as president.
Mexico: In an internal coup, Lázaro Cárdenas deported and exiled President Plutarco Elías Calles, effectively ending Calles' control over the Mexican government.
Xi'an Incident in China: General Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped by his deputy Zhang Xueliang, who demanded that Chiang stop fighting the Chinese Communists and instead agree to a united resistance against the Japanese. His wife's and her brother's subsequent negotiation with Zhang ensured Chiang's release two weeks later.
France: A Cagoulard plot to install a pro-Nazi government was foiled by French police.
Bolivia: Dissatisfied with the speed of new reforms, Germán Busch led a popular movement which secured the resignation of David Toro.
1937 Brazilian coup d'état: President Getúlio Vargas, governing democratically since 1934, launched a self-coup and became the Dictator of the Brazilian Estado Novo ("New State").
1938
Romanian coup d'état of February 10th, 1938:: King Carol II of Romania launched a self-coup, which abolished parliamentary democracy in favor of a royal dictatorship.
Casado's coup in Spain: A coup by military officers and members of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in the Republican zone of Spain resulted in the formation of the National Defence Council as a step towards a negotiated peace with the Nationalists. The negotiations eventually failed, but the coup signaled the end of the Spanish Civil War.
Norway: The fascist politician Vidkun Quisling attempted to overthrow the Norwegian government in response to the German invasion of Denmark and Norway.
20 July plot in Germany: Part of Operation Valkyrie, the German resistance and German Reserve Army attempted to kill Adolf Hitler and seize control of the Third Reich in order to negotiate peace with the Allies. The coup failed after it was found Hitler did not die in the bomb blast, and the Reserve Army began to refuse to take orders from the German resistance. 5,000 conspirators were given show trials and summarily executed.
King Michael's Coup in Romania: On 23 August, pro-German dictator Ion Antonescu was overthrown and KingMichael of Romania switched the nation from the Axis side of the war to join the Allies.
Lorković–Vokić plot: planned coup by members of the Croat minister and the Croatian Peasants Party to overthrow the Ustashe, and then establish a pro-Allied Government
Operation Panzerfaust in Hungary: Nazi Germany forcefully replaced the royalist Hungarian government of Regent Miklós Horthy with the pro-Nazi Government of National Unity, led by Ferenc Szálasi.
Syria: In December, Adib Shishakli led a military coup. He kept al-Atassi as president, but arrested Sami al-Hinnawi to end Hashemite influence in Syria.
Manhattan Rebellion in Thailand: A coup attempt by officers of the Royal Thai Navy against the government of Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram failed on 29–30 June.
Silent Coup (also called the Radio Coup) in Thailand: The Army-led National Military Council announced the dissolution of parliament, reinstatement of the 1932 constitution, and formation of a provisional government on 29 November.
1957 coup in Thailand: A coup by members of the Royal Thai Army, under the command of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, resulted in the ouster and exile of Plaek Phibunsongkhram.
1959 Sudanese coup attempt: was on 9 November 1959 where a group of military officers attempted a coup to overthrow Lieutenant General Ibrahim Abboud. The coup attempt failed and conspirators were court martialled and the leaders were hanged.[47][48]
1960 Laotian coups: Phoumi Nosavan, who came to power after a coup the previous year, was overthrown in August 1960 by his former ally Kong Le. A three-way conflict ensued, and an attempt by Kouprasith Abhay to seize power from Kong Le failed. Following the Battle of Vientiane, Phoumi Nosavan regained power.
1963 Dominican coup d'état: The military overthrew President Juan Bosch in September 1963, only seven months into his term as the first democratically elected president in the Dominican Republic since 1924. Bosch was replaced by a junta until it was overthrown in 1965.[51]
1964 Gabonese coup d'état: Gabonese military officers overthrew President Léon M'ba and established a provisional government with Jean-Hilaire Aubame as president. The provisional government was toppled shortly afterwards with the help of France, and M'ba was reinstated.
Indonesia: Members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces calling themselves the 30 September Movement began a coup attempt and assassinated six Indonesian Army generals. The attempted coup failed, and was blamed on the Communist Party of Indonesia, which led to a mass purge of actual and suspected members of the party and sympathizers. While who is behind the initial coup is still being debated, Major General Suharto took advantage of the chaos to exile First Indonesian President Sukarno and install a dictatorship that would last until 1998 a couple years later.[citation needed]
1965 Burundian coup d'état attempt: A group of ethnic Hutu officers from the Burundian military wounded the Prime Minister of Burundi, but ultimately failed to overthrow the government.
1965 Laotian coups: Two simultaneous and independent January coups failed. One was led by General Phoumi Nosavan, who had participated in four prior coup attempts against the Royal Lao Government; the other was led by Colonel Bounleuth Saycocie.
1966 Nigerian coup d'état: In January, mutinous Nigerian soldiers led by Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and Emmanuel Ifeajuna killed 22 people including the Prime Minister of Nigeria and many senior politicians and Army officers. The General Officer Commanding the Nigerian Army, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, was compelled to take control of the government.
1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt (also known as the Bathroom coup): 31 suspects, including the commander of the army, were arrested for allegedly plotting to overthrow the government of Dudley Senanayake. They were later unanimously acquitted.[55]
1966 Laotian coup d'état: General Thao Ma, who wished to reserve the transports Royal Lao Air Force for strictly military use, was forced into exile by fellow generals angling to use the transports for smuggling opium and gold.
Saudi Arabia: A coup attempt against King Faisal failed.[56]
Operation Guitar Boy in Ghana: A coup attempt led by a group of junior officers of the Ghana Armed Forces resulted in the assassination of Lieutenant General Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka, Ghana's Chief of the Defence Staff. However, the coup itself was unsuccessful.
1967 coups in Sierra Leone: On 21 March, Brigadier David Lansana led a bloodless military coup against Prime Minister Siaka Stevens, who had taken office hours earlier after a closely contested election. Lansana declared himself interim leader, placing Stevens under house arrest and later releasing him, at which point Stevens went into exile. On 23 March, Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith led a group of military officers to seize control of the government, arrest Lansana, and suspend the constitution. They established the National Reformation Council and made Juxon-Smith the chairman.
Biafra: Biafran Army colonel Victor Banjo plotted a coup against Biafran President Odumegwu Ojukwu. The coup plot was uncovered by an informant, and Banjo and two other conspirators were executed on 22 September.
1969 Libyan coup d'état (also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or the 1 September Revolution): Muammar al-Gaddafi led a group of military officers to overthrow the monarchy of King Idris, resulting in the abolition of the Libyan monarchy and establishment of the Libyan Arab Republic.
Corrective Revolution in Syria: Hafez al-Assad overthrew the government of Salah Jadid in a bloodless coup.
Bolivia: A junta of commanders of the Bolivian army enact a coup, but the highly polarized military forces were split. President Alfredo Ovando Candía sought asylum in a foreign embassy, believing all hope was lost, but leftist military forces reasserted control under the leadership of General Juan José Torres. Embarrassed by his quick abandonment of the fight and exhausted by a grueling 13 months in office, Ovando agreed to leave the presidency in Torres's hands.
Mishima Incident in Japan: After barricading the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Japan Self-Defense Forces and tying the commandant to a chair, Yukio Mishima, the leader of the Tatenokai, delivered a speech to soldiers gathered outside, intending to inspire a coup. After this failed, Mishima committed seppuku.
Chile: With the United States Central Intelligence Agency strongly invested in Salvador Allende not coming to power in the 1970 Chilean presidential election, the CIA discussed several possible coup options.[57]
1971
1971 Turkish military memorandum: The Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces delivered a memorandum demanding the formation of a "strong and credible government, which will neutralise the current anarchical situation".
Thailand: Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn launched a self-coup against his own government, dissolving parliament and appointing himself Chairman of the National Executive Council.
1971 Moroccan coup attempt: A coup attempt was organized by General Mohamed Medbouh and Colonel M'hamed Ababou and carried out by cadets during a diplomatic function at King Hassan II's summer palace in Rabat. The King and important guests were detained, and plotters took control of Rabat's radio station to say that the king had been killed and a republic had been founded. Royalist troops regained the palace and ended the coup attempt.
Ghana: Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong led a coup to overthrow the democratically elected government of the Progress Party and its leader Kofi Abrefa Busia on 13 January.
1973 Chilean coup d'état: On 11 September, General Augusto Pinochet, with support from the CIA, led a group of military officers to seize power from democratically elected President Salvador Allende, and installed a junta headed by Pinochet.
1973 Laotian coup d'état attempt: Exiled General Thao Ma took over a Laotian airfield and led air strikes on the office and home of General Kouprasith Abhay in an attempt to stave off a communist coalition government in Laos. Royalist forces retook the airfield, and shot down and executed Thao Ma when he returned after the bombings, which had failed to kill Kouprasith.
Bolivia: Hugo Banzer solidifies his regime with a self-coup formulated in Supreme Decree 11947. A military-only government and ban on political activities are declared.
1975 Australian constitutional crisis (also known as "the Dismissal"): A constitutional crisis occurred in Australia. It has been referred to by some, including author John Pilger, as a "soft coup" due to allegations of involvement by British and American intelligence agencies in the removal of then-Prime Minister Gough Whitlam.[58][59][60]
Operation Galaxia in Spain: A plot to stop the Spanish transition to democracy was planned for 17 November. However, some officers present at the planning informed their superiors, and the plan was thwarted.
Bolivia: After the annulment of a fraudulent election in which term-limited Hugo Banzer ensured the win of his surrogate, Juan Pereda, then denounced Pereda and blamed him for the rigged election, Pereda launched a coup and was sworn in as president. Pereda himself was overthrown several months later by David Padilla, who briefly served as president until new elections could be held.
Bolivia: Alberto Natusch enacted a coup against the interim government of Wálter Guevara, but resigned after just sixteen days. As a face-saving measure, Natusch secured an agreement that Guevara wouldn't return as president, and Lidia Gueiler became interim president.
1980 Bolivian coup d'état: General Luis García Meza enacted a violent military coup against his cousin, President Lidia Gueiler, who subsequently fled the country. The coup began the rule of the first Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces.
1980 Turkish coup d'état: On 12 September, the National Security Council, headed by Chief of the General StaffGeneral Kenan Evren, declared a coup d'état on the national channel. The Council then extended martial law throughout the country, abolished the Parliament and the government, suspended the Constitution, and banned all political parties and trade unions.
1980 Surinamese coup d'état (also known as the Sergeants' Coup): A group of military officers, led by Dési Bouterse, overthrew the government of Prime Minister Henck Arron. The coup began a military dictatorship that lasted until 1991.
1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt (also known as 23-F or the Tejerazo): Lieutenant-Colonel Antonio Tejero attempted a coup in which members of the military entered the Congress of Deputies during the vote to elect a President of the Government. The officers held the parliamentarians and ministers hostage for 18 hours, but surrendered the next morning without killing anyone.
Assassination of Ziaur Rahman in Bangladesh: A faction of officers of the Bangladesh Army succeeded in assassinating President Ziaur Rahman, who had survived many prior assassination attempts. The army suppressed the coup, and Vice President Abdus Sattar became acting president.
Suriname: Wilfred Hawker led an attempted coup against the government of Dési Bouterse, who had come to power in a coup the previous year. The coup failed, and Hawker was imprisoned and later executed.
1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt (also known as the Seychelles affair or Operation Angela): A South African-orchestrated coup attempt failed to overthrow the government of Prime Minister France-Albert René in Seychelles and install the previous president James Mancham to power.
1983 Upper Voltan coup attempt: A few months after the Somé-led coup deposed Zerbo, several army officers decided to kill members of the Council of Popular Salvation and restore Zerbo to power. The plotters were arrested before they were able to do so.
1983 Nigerian coup d'état: Members of the Nigerian military led a coup, ousting the democratically elected government of President Shehu Shagari. They installed Major General Muhammadu Buhari as leader of the Supreme Military Council, the country's new ruling body.
Grenada: In a military coup, Deputy Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was placed under house arrest. Bishop, who enjoyed popularity among the Grenadian population, was freed by supporters, and Bishop and some of his co-conspirators were executed. After the execution, the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) formed a military Marxist government with General Hudson Austin as chairman. The United States invaded Grenada shortly after.
Romania: A tentative coup d'état planned in October 1984 failed when the military unit assigned to carry out the plan was sent to harvest maize instead.[69]
Bolivia: During an ultimately unsuccessful coup attempt, the military arrested President Hernán Siles Zuazo for ten hours.
The Carapintada uprising in Argentina: Lieutenant Colonel Aldo Rico and Carapintada followers took up arms to make demands of the Argentine government. However, the public was sensitive to any military demands following decades of coups, and rallied around Alfonsin.
1987 Fijian coups d'état: Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka overthrew the government of Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra. After temporarily handing power to a council of ministers, in September that year, Rabuka seized control of the country again, deposed Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, and declared Fiji a republic.
Sierra Leone: On 23 March, police reported that a group of conspirators, including Vice President Francis Minah, was plotting to assassinate President Joseph Saidu Momoh and stage a coup after they raided a house in Freetown and discovered a cache of weapons, including rocket launchers. Minah and seventeen other alleged conspirators were convicted of treason and sentenced to death.
Argentina: Aldo Rico, who had been imprisoned following a 1987 coup attempt, escaped prison and began a new attempt to overthrow President Raúl Alfonsín. Rico surrendered after a brief combat with the Argentinian army.
Argentina: Colonel Mohamed Alí Seineldín, backed by the Carapintadas, launched a coup attempt against President Alfonsin, but he and the other conspirators were jailed.
1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt: A group of Maldivians, assisted by mercenaries, gained control of the capital and major government buildings, but the coup ultimately failed after intervention by Indian armed forces.
1989 Ethiopian coup attempt: On 16 May, while President Mengistu Haile Mariam was out of the country for a four-day state visit to East Germany, senior military officials attempted a coup and the Minister of Defense, Haile Giyorgis Habte Mariam, was killed. Mengistu quickly returned, and nine generals, including the air force commander and the army chief of staff, died as the coup was crushed.
1989 Panamanian coup attempt: Major Moisés Giroldi led a failed coup attempt, supported by a group of officers who had returned from a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Namibia. Although the plotters succeeded in capturing Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega, the coup was quickly suppressed. Giroldi and nine others were executed, and another participant in the coup attempt died in prison after being tortured.
1990–1999
1990
1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt: Major Gideon Orkar attempted to overthrow the government of General Ibrahim Babangida. Though successful in seizing military posts, a radio station, and the presidential residence, Orkar and others involved in the coup were captured by government troops, convicted of treason, and later executed.
Argentina: Mohamed Alí Seineldín and other Carapintadas made a second attempt at overthrowing the Argentine government, now led by President Carlos Menem. The coup failed, and Seineldín was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served until his 2003 pardon.[70]
1990 Chadian coup d'état: The forces of the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), a Libyan–backed rebel group under the leadership of General Idriss Déby, entered the Chadian capital N'Djamena unopposed. After three months of provisional government, the MPS approved a national charter on 28 February 1991, with Déby as president.
1990 Surinamese coup d'état (also known as the Telephone Coup): Acting commander-in-chief of the Suriname National Army (SNL), Police Chief Ivan Graanoogst, dismissed President Ramsewak Shankar by telephone on 24 December. On 27 December, the government was dismissed, the National Assembly was dissolved, and Johan Kraag was appointed as president on 29 December. On 31 December, Dési Bouterse was reappointed as commander-in-chief of the SNL.
1992 Peruvian coup d'état: In a self-coup on 5 April, President Alberto Fujimori dissolved the Peruvian congress and judiciary and assumed full legislative and judicial powers.
1992 Peruvian coup attempt: On 13 November, General Jaime Salinas Sedó led a group of military officers in attempting to overthrow President Fujimori, but was unsuccessful.
1993 Russian constitutional crisis (also known as the 1993 October Coup, Black October, the Shooting of the White House or Ukase 1400): President Boris Yeltsin successfully launched a self-coup, illegally dissolving the Russian parliament.
1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis: President Jorge Serrano Elías unsuccessfully launched a self-coup, illegally suspending the constitution and dissolving Congress and the Supreme Court. Facing protests and international pressure, Serrano resigned the presidency and fled the country. He was briefly replaced by Vice President Gustavo Adolfo Espina Salguero, but after Espina was found by the Supreme Court to have been involved in the coup, Congress replaced him with Ramiro de León Carpio.
1994 Gambian coup d'état: A group of soldiers led by Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless coup on 22 July, ousting Dawda Jawara, who had been President of the Gambia since its independence in 1970.
1996 Qatari coup d'état attempt: Many members of the Al Thani family who were still allies of Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, who had been deposed in a coup the prior year, organized a coup to overthrow Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. However, the coup was discovered and thwarted.
1997 Turkish military memorandum (also known as the Post-modern coup): Military decisions issued in a National Security Council meeting on 28 February have been described as a coup. Although the parliament was not dissolved, the military pressure resulted in the resignation of Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan.
May 1998 riots of Indonesia: Mass violence, demonstrations, and civil unrest throughout Indonesia, triggered by economic problems including food shortages and mass unemployment, eventually led to the resignation of President Suharto and the fall of the New Order.
1999 Tashkent bombings: In addition to terrorist attacks in different parts of the capital of Uzbekistan, there was an attempt to assassinate Islam Karimov and an explosion at the Cabinet of Ministers building before the government meeting. Some, including in the government of Uzbekistan, called it an attempted coup by Islamist forces.
2000 Fijian coup d'état: A civilian coup by hardline i-Taukei nationalists against the elected government of Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry occurred on 19 May. President Kamisese Mara attempted to assert executive authority on 27 May, but gave his resignation, possibly forced, on 29 May. An interim government headed by Commodore Frank Bainimarama was set up, and handed power over to an interim administration headed by Ratu Josefa Iloilo, as president, on 13 July.
2001 Burundian coup d'état attempt: A group of junior army officers attempted a coup against President Pierre Buyoya, who was out of the country. The conspirators briefly occupied a state-run radio station before being removed by forces loyal to the president.
2002 Ivorian coup attempt: A coup may have been attempted on 19 September, the first night of the First Ivorian Civil War. Former president Robert Guéï was killed; state government claimed it had happened as he attempted to lead a coup, but it was widely claimed that Guéï and fifteen others had been murdered in his home and his body moved.
Oakwood mutiny in the Philippines: A group of military defectors who came to be known as the Magdalo (mutineers) forcibly occupied the Oakwood Premier apartments and demanded the resignation of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and other officials. They relinquished the apartments about 20 hours later after negotiations.
Sledgehammer (coup plan) an alleged Turkish secularist military coup plan dating back to 2003, in response to the Justice and Development Party (AKP) gaining office.
Coup in Madagascar: the army seized one of the presidential palaces on 16 March 2009, at which president Marc Ravalomanana was not present. The proposal offered by the president for a referendum to solve the crisis was rejected. On 17 March 2009, Marc Ravalomanana resigned under pressure from the military.
On 24 April 2009, the Ethiopian government claimed, through the Ethiopian News Agency, that it had foiled a coup attempt led by members of Ginbot 7 to overthrow the government.[82] Ginbot 7 described the allegation that it had attempted a coup as a "baseless accusation" that fitted a pattern of distraction and scapegoating by the government.[83]
A coup d'état plot was foiled in Austria in April. The leader Monika Unger and others were arrested after they tried to organise an army-led coup.[100]
2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état: Harare, Zimbabwe. In the early hours of 15 November 2017, an army spokesman announced the military takeover of government. This was after the army had seized control of the state run television broadcasting station. During the night before they had stormed the president's private residence and placed the head of state, President Robert Mugabe under house arrest. The military police also captured and detained some cabinet ministers whom they labelled criminals around the president. It would succeed with the resignation of Mugabe on 21 November 2017.[103]
In December an attempted coup against the government in Equatorial Guinea.[104]
2019 Amhara Region coup d'état attempt: On 22 June 2019, factions of the security forces of Amhara Region, Ethiopia, attempted a coup against the regional government after a series of assassinations.
On 20 October, a senior army officer in Sudan announced that some retired members of the Popular Defence Forces and officers under leader Brigadier General Mohammed Ibrahim Abdul-Jalil had foiled a coup plot. The Sudanese government has not confirmed this claim.[108]
As early as January 2021, several European security officials described the events as an attempted coup.[114]Federal JudgeDavid O Carter ruled that Trump's efforts to overturn the election were a "coup in search of a legal theory".[111] In a televised hearing on 9 June 2022, Congressman Bennie Thompson, Chair of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack, described Trump's campaign to overturn the 2021 presidential election as an attempted coup.[115] On 4 January 2021, Steve Bannon stated on The War Room podcast, while discussing the planning for the upcoming events and speech by Trump on 6 January at The Ellipse, said: "Live from our nation's capital, you're in the field headquarters of one of the small divisions of the bloodless coup."[116][117]
2021 Nigerien coup d'état attempt: On 31 March, elements within the military attempted a coup. After gunfire at the presidential palace, Presidential Guard fended off the attack and many of its alleged perpetrators were later detained.[121][122]
2021 arrests in Jordan: On 3 April, Jordanian authorities arrested top officials and members of the royal family, including former Crown PrinceHamzah bin Hussein, for involvement in an attempted coup.[123]
2021 Malian coup d'état: On 24 May, the president, prime minister, and defense minister of Mali were detained by the military.[124]
October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état: On 25 October, the military forces of Sudan launched a successful coup against the government. The prime minister Abdalla Hamdok was arrested, the government was dissolved and a state of emergency was declared by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.[127] Hamdok was later reinstated in November but resigned in 2022 amid continuing protests.[128]
2021 Ukrainian coup d'état attempt: In November 2021, top Ukrainian government officials outlined allegations of a plot to overthrow the government of Ukraine which was to take place in early December. The coup plot was allegedly orchestrated by Russia. Some months later, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine, with the toppling of the Ukrainian government being one of its objectives.[129]
2022 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état attempt: A coup d'état was attempted in Guinea-Bissau on 1 February 2022. President Umaro Sissoco Embalo said that "many" members of the security forces had been killed in a "failed attack against democracy".[131]
2022 Ukrainian coup d'état attempt: Russian intelligence agency FSB and recruited ATO veterans were set to take control of various Ukrainian cities, install pro-Russian leaders in them and transfer those cities to the Russian army during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, as plans for coup were discovered by Ukrainian authorities, people who were set to participate in it were detained by SBU.[132][133]
2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt: The 2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt was an attempted coup d'état that is reported to have taken place on the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe overnight on 24–25 November 2022.[135]
2022 German coup d'état plot: On 7 December 2022, 25 members of a suspected far-right terrorist group were arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état in Germany.[136] The group, called Patriotic Union [de] (German: Patriotische Union), which was led by a Council (German: Rat),[137] was a part of the German far-right extremist Reichsbürger movement.[138] The group aimed to re-establish a monarchist government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich, with the government being similar to the German Empire. The group allegedly wanted to provoke chaos and a civil war in Germany so that it could take power.[139]
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^"Coup in DR Congo: Who is Christian Malanga wey lead foiled coup in Kinshasa". BBC News Pidgin. 19 May 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
External links
Scholarly databases and lists of coups include the following:
Jonathan Powell and Clayton Thyne, “Coups in the World, 1950–Present” Archived 25 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Regular updates from Jonathan Powell and Clayton Thyne to their database.
Monty G. Marshall and Donna Ramsey Marshall, “Coups d'État, 1946–2015”.
John J. Chin, David B. Carter & Joseph G. Wright. Colpus Dataset on all military and non-military coup attempts in the world since 1946.