Kata Kolok

Kata Kolok (literally "deaf talk"), also known as Benkala Sign Language and Balinese Sign Language, is a village sign language which is indigenous to two neighbouring villages in northern Bali, Indonesia. The main village, Bengkala, has had high incidences of deafness for over seven generations. Notwithstanding the biological time depth of the recessive mutation that causes deafness, the first substantial cohort of deaf signers did not occur until five generations ago, and this event marks the emergence of Kata Kolok. The sign language has been acquired by at least five generations of deaf, native signers and features in all aspects of village life, including political, professional, educational, and religious settings.

Kata Kolok is linguistically unrelated to spoken Balinese or other sign languages. It lacks certain common contact sign phenomena that often arise when a sign language and an oral language are in close contact, such as fingerspelling and mouthing. It differs from other known sign languages in a number of respects: signers make extensive use of cardinal directions and real-world locations to organize the signing space, and they do not use a metaphorical "time line" for time reference. Additionally, Kata Kolok is the only known sign language which predominantly deploys an absolute frame of reference rather than an intrinsic or relative frame.

The Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (MPI) and the International Institute for Sign Languages and Deaf Studies have archived over 100 hours of Kata Kolok video data. The metadata of this corpus are accessible online (see www.mpi.nl).

Deaf people in the village express themselves using special cultural forms such as deaf dance and martial arts and occupy special ritual and social roles, including digging graves and maintaining water pipes. Deaf and hearing villagers alike share a belief in a deaf god.

Kata Kolok was most likely established due to the prevalence of hereditary sensorineural deafness caused by a recessive non-syndromic mutation of the MYO15A gene.^[2] This gene caused a significant number of hearing-impaired people in the Bengkal village. Accordin to 1995 census, around 2.2% of the village population has hearing impartation.^[3]

This form of communication is thought to have been established from five to seven generations ago.^[2] According to a 2011 census in the village of Bengkal, around 1,500 people out of 2,740 people, or 57% of the population, were able to communicate in this language, in addition to 46 hearing-impaired people.^[1][4][5] In addition, at least eight hearing-impaired people from Bengkal who have left the village, then returning after a while were still able to use Kata Kolok.^[5]

Kata Kolok usually used when at least one of the interlocutors is deaf. It can also be used by hearing interlocutors when they are far apart or working with noisy equipment. Kata Kolok can be used in all areas of life: i.e. used to communicate when repairing water pipes or when a village nurse need to communicate with hearing-impaired patients.^[6]

Due to the high proportion of people who were able to communicate in Kata Kolok, a deaf child can learn it from birth in the same way that hearing children learn spoken language.^[7]

In the study of different gesture languages, such as American Sign Language, gestures are decomposed into several components: palm shape, hand orientation, gesture, and hand movement were taken into account denoting meaning. If gestures differ in only one component, they are said to form minimal pairs. The presence of such pairs allows user to prove that the differing parameters have phoneme and meaning. User of any sign language pay attention to them when determining the meaning of an utterance, and the transition from one meaning to another changes the content of the gesture.^[8]

Unlike mentioned phonology charateristic of sign language, in Kata Kolok, it is almost impossible to identify minimal pairs, so it is difficult to determine the phoneme status of the palm forms used in gesturing.^[8]

All palm shapes observed in Kata Kolok can be categorized into 3 category: basic (i.e. the simplest configurations that are easily recognised and used in a large number of gestures), regular (found in a certain number of gestures but less frequently than basic), and limited (used in a single gesture).^[8]

Basic palm shapes include the following configurations:^[9]

• 
  a form of the palm in which all fingers are fully extended and spread apart.
• 
  Curved-5, A palm shape in which all fingers are separated and slightly bent at each joint.
• 
  IX, The index finger is extended, the rest of the fingers are clenched into a fist.
• 
  B, A palm shape in which all fingers are fully extended and folded together.
• 
  Curved-B, fingers folded together and slightly bent at each joint, forming an arc.
• 
  A, Fingers folded into a fist, thumb resting on the side of the other four fingers.

• Connie de Vos (2012), Sign-Spatiality in Kata Kolok, Nijmegen: University of Nijmegen
• Connie de Vos (2012). U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.). "Kata Kolok: An updated sociolinguistic profile". Sign Languages in Village Communities. DeGruyter & Ishara Press: 381–386.
• Connie de Vos, Ulrike Zeshan (2012). U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.). "Introduction: Demographic, sociocultural, and linguistic variation across rural signing communities". Sign Languages in Village Communities. DeGruyter & Ishara Press: 2–23. doi:10.1515/9781614511496.2. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-000F-EBB6-B.
• Connie de Vos (2012), U. Zeshan, C. de Vos (ed.), The Kata Kolok perfective in child signing: Coordination of manual and non-manual components, DeGruyter & Ishara Press, pp. 127–152, doi:10.1515/9781614511496.2
• Connie de Vos, Roland Pfau (2015). "Sign Language Typology: The Contribution of Rural Sign Languages". Annual Review of Linguistics: 265–288. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124958. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0019-DA09-5.
• Annelies Kusters (2009). "Deaf Utopias? Reviewing the Sociocultural Literature on the World's "Martha's Vineyard Situations"". The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education: 3–16. doi:10.1093/deafed/enp026.
• Victoria Nyst (2012), Roland Pfau; Markus Steinbach; Bencie Woll (eds.), 24. Shared sign languages (Sign Language. An International Handbook ed.), Berlin, Boston: DeGruyter, p. 552—574, doi:10.1515/9783110261325.552, ISBN 978-3-11-020421-6

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Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

Official language Indonesian Slang Malayo-Sumbawan Acehnese Bakongan Anambas-Natuna Malay Bacan Malay Balinese Bali Aga Nusa Penida Bamayo Bangka Malay Banjarese Batubara Malay Belitung Malay Bengkulu Berau Malay Besemah Bukit Col/Lembak Deli Malay Duano' Enim Haji Iban Mualang Seberuang Jambi Malay Jaring Halus Malay Kangean Kapuas Hulu Malay Kaur Kayong Malay Kendayan Keninjal Kerinci Ketapang Malay Kotawaringin Malay Kualuh Malay Kubu Kutainese Kota Bangun Tenggarong Landak Malay Langkat Malay Loncong Lubu Madurese Bawean Sapudi Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Kuantan Mukomuko Pesisir Melawi Malay Mempawah Malay Musi Lematang Palembang Penesak Penukal Rawas Ogan Palu Malay Panai Malay Pekal Pontianak Malay Riau Malay Coastal Riau Pangaraian Rokan Hilir Siak Tembilahan Sambas Malay Sanggau Malay Sasak Sekadau Malay Serdang Malay Semende Sintang Malay Sumbawa Sundanese Baduy Bantenese Brebes Priangan Tamiang Malay Javanesic Javanese Arekan Banyumasan Cirebonese Indramayu Osing Serang Tenggerese Kawi Celebic Andio Bada Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Behoa Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia-Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Napu Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu Lampungic Komering Kayuagung Lampung Northwest Sumatra– Barrier Islands Batak Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Mandailing Simalungun Toba Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Simeulue Sikule South Sulawesi Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong-Budong Buginese Campalagian Coastal Konjo Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Highland Konjo Kalumpang Lemolang Maiwa Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Padang Seko Tengah Tae’ Talondo’ Taman Toraja-Sa’dan Ulumanda’ Barito Ampanang Bakumpai Bajaw Deyah Kohin Lawangan Ma'anyan Malang Ngaju Ot Danum Sama Ot Siang Tunjung Witu Pakau Kayan–Murik Aoheng Aput Bahau Hovongan Kayan Krio Modang Punan Merah Segai Land Dayak Bakati’ Biatah Bukar Sadong Jangkang Kembayan Laraʼ Nyadu’ Rejangese Ribun Sanggau Sara Semandang Beginci Gerai Tringgus North Bornean Bah-Biau Basap Bukat Bukitan Kelabit Kenyah Mainstream Lengilu Lun Bawang Murut Okolod Selungai Sembakung Tagol Punan Merap Punan Tubu Sa'ban Sajau Tidung Burusu Kalabakan Nonukan Philippine languages Central Philippine Tausug Gorontalo-Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Central Maluku Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hulaliu Kailolo Pelauw Rohomoni-Kabauw Hitu Hoti † Huaulu Hukumina † Hulung † Kaibobo Kamarian † Kayeli Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun † Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan Flores–Lembata Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika Halmahera- Cenderawasih Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam Kei-Tanimbar Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena Micronesian Mapia † Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Sumba–Flores Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa Timor–Babar Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar Western Oceanic Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna

Papuan languages

North Halmahera Galela Gamkonora Kao Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tidore Tobelo Togutil Waioli West Makian Timor–Alor–Pantar Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika Asmat–Mombum Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan West Bird's Head Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit South Bird's Head Arandai Dombano Duriankari Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian East Bird's Head Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb West Bomberai Baham Iha Karas Dani Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali Paniai Lakes Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani Digul River Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon Foja Range Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou Lakes Plain Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai East Cenderawasih Bay Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria Yawa Saweru Yawa Demta–Sentani Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla Ok Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom Momuna–Mek Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai Skou Skou South Pauwasi Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim East Pauwasi Emem Zorop West Pauwasi Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku Kaure–Kosare Kaure Kosare Marind–Yaqai Bipim Marind Yaqay Bulaka River Maklew Yelmek Kayagar Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario Border Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris Senagi Dera Mairasi Mairasi Mer Semimi Kolopom Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana Yam Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei Lower Mamberamo Warembori Yoke Others Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Sumuri Tambora † Uhunduni

Other languages

Creoles and Pidgins Malay-based creoles Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Banda Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontalo Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay Maumere Malay North Moluccan Malay Sula Malay Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Serui Malay Peranakan Surabayan Other creoles and pidgins Arabic-Javanese of Klego Bidau Creole Portuguese † Borgo Flores Creole Portuguese † Javindo Judeo-Manado Malay † Mardijker † Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis † Tansi Pidgin Tukang Besi Immigrant languages Chinese Cantonese Fuqing Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Haklau Hokkien Medan Riau Hinghwa Mandarin Teochew European Dutch Indonesian Dutch English Portuguese Indian Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Middle Eastern Arabic Indonesian Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic Others Tagalog Filipino Japanese Korean Sign languages Indonesian Sign Languages Kata Kolok

† indicate extinct languages