Enclosed religious orders
Enclosed religious orders are religious orders whose members strictly separate themselves from the affairs of the external world. The term cloistered is synonymous with enclosed. In the Catholic Church, enclosure is regulated by the code of canon law, either the Latin code or the Oriental code, and also by the constitutions of the specific order.[1][2][3] It is practised with a variety of customs according to the nature and charism of the community in question. This separation may involve physical barriers such as walls and grilles (that is, a literal cloister), with entry restricted for other people and certain areas exclusively permitted to the members of the convent. Outsiders may only temporarily enter this area under certain conditions (for example, if they are candidates for the order, doctors or craftsmen). The intended purpose for such enclosure is to prevent distraction from prayer and the religious life and to keep an atmosphere of silence.
Under certain circumstances, exceptions may be granted for enclosed men or women to leave the enclosure temporarily or permanently.
Enclosed religious orders of men include monks following the Rule of Saint Benedict, namely the Benedictine, the Cistercian, and the Trappist orders, but also monks of the Carthusians, Hieronymites, along with the male and female members of the Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno, while enclosed religious orders of women include Canonesses Regular, nuns belonging to the Benedictine, Cistercian, Trappist and the Carthusian orders, along with the nuns of the second order of each of the mendicant orders, including: the nuns of the Poor Clares, the Colettine Poor Clares, the Capuchin Poor Clares, the Dominicans, Carmelites and Discalced Carmelites, Servites, Augustinians, Minims, together with the Conceptionists, the Visitandines and the Ursulines.
Contemplative orders
The English word monk most properly refers to men in monastic life, while the term friar more properly refers to mendicants active in the world (like Franciscans, Dominicans and Augustinians), though not all monasteries require strict enclosure. Benedictine monks, for instance, have often staffed parishes and been allowed to leave monastery confines.
Although the English word nun is often used to describe all Christian women who have joined religious institutes, strictly speaking, women are referred to as nuns only when they live in papal enclosure; otherwise, they are religious sisters.[4] The distinctions between the Christian terms monk, nun, friar, Brother, and Sister are sometimes easily blurred because some orders (such as the Dominicans or Augustinians) include nuns who are enclosed, who are usually grouped as the Second Order of that movement, and religious sisters.
Exclaustration
In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, once a person has made solemn, perpetual religious vows, the release from these monastic vows has to be approved by the ecclesiastical authorities. Normally there is a transitional period, called exclaustration, in which the person looks to establish a new life and determine if this is what they are truly called to do. This usually lasts up to six years under the 1983 Code of Canon Law. After this period the appropriate authority, generally the Holy See, determines that the wish to leave a religious life is valid and grants the former monk or nun release from their vows.
Monastic life
Contemplative orders prioritise worship and prayer over economic or outreach activity.[5][6] They exist in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Eastern Orthodox traditions as well as in Buddhist settings.[7][8]
See also
References
- ^ VATICAN: Verbi Sponsa - Instruction on the Contemplative Life and on the Enclosure of Nuns
- ^ The Code of Canon Law, Canon 667 ff. English translation copyright 1983 The Canon Law Society Trust "Code of Canon Law Index". Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2006.
- ^ Codex Iuris Canonici Can. 637, § 4
- ^ Saunders, William (2003). "The Meaning of the Terms Nun, Sister, Monk, Priest, and Brother". Catholic Education Resource Center. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
- ^ Schadé, Johannes P. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Religions. Foreign Media Group. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-60136-000-7. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Contemplative Order[: ] A religious community which engages exclusively, or almost exclusively, in activities directly ordered to contemplation.
- ^ Gurdon, Edmund (1908). "Contemplative Life". The Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
The great function assumed by contemplatives [...] is the worship of God.
- ^ Bishop, George B. H. (2007). The Religion of Russia: A Study of the Orthodox Church in Russia from the Point of View of the Church in England. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-59333-566-3. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
The rich variety of religious orders existing in Western Christendom finds no parallel in the Orthodox Church, where there is but one, the contemplative order of S. Basil.
- ^ Cooray, L. J. Mark (1971). The reception in Ceylon of the English trust: an analysis of the case law and statutory principles relating to trusts and trustees in Ceylon in the light of the relevant foreign cases and authorities. Lake House Printers and Publishers. p. 168. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
[...] a trust for a contemplative order of Buddhist nuns was upheld.
External links
- What is a Cloistered Nun? – AN INTRODUCTION TO CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE
- Cloistered contemplative monks – THE CONTEMPLATIVE MEN'S MONASTERIES
- New Advent Encyclopaedia on "Religious Life"
- New Advent Encyclopaedia III ff. on "Nuns, properly so called"
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Contemplative Life" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- v
- t
- e
and
female
- Alexians
- Assumptionists (AA)
- Augustinian Recollects (OAR)
- Basilian Aleppians (BA)
- Basilian Chouerites (BC)
- Benedictines (OSB)
- Bridgettines (OSsS)
- Canossians (FDCC)
- Carmelites (OCarm)
- Carthusians (OCart)
- Cistercians (OCist)
- Congregation of Our Lady of Sion (NDS)
- Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (SSCC)
- Discalced Carmelites (OCD)
- Dominicans (OP)
- Franciscans (OFM)
- Institute of the Incarnate Word (IVE)
- Mercedarians (O de M)
- Missionaries of Charity (MC)
- Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo (CS)
- Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno
- Premonstratensians (OPraem)
- Servants of Charity (SC)
- Servite Order (OSM)
- Society of the Atonement (SA)
- TOR Franciscans
- Trappists (OCSO)
- Trinitarian Order (OSST)
- Adorno Fathers (CRM)
- Albertine Brothers
- Augustinians (OSA)
- Barnabites (B)
- Basilians (CSB)
- Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy (FDM)
- Camillians (MI)
- Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius
- Capuchins (OFM Cap)
- Christian Brothers (Irish) (CFC)
- Congregatio Discipulorum Domini (CDD)
- Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM)
- Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS)
- Claretians (CMF)
- Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (CST)
- Conventual Franciscans (OFM Conv)
- Crosiers (OSC)
- De La Salle Brothers (FSC)
- Discalced Augustinians (OAD)
- Franciscan Friars of the Renewal (CFR)
- Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word (MFVA)
- Gabrielites
- Holy Cross (CSC)
- Holy Ghost Fathers (CSSp)
- Josephites (SSJ)
- Legionaries of Christ (LC)
- Little Brothers of Jesus
- Marians of the Immaculate Conception (MIC)
- Society of Jesus (Jesuits) (SJ)
- Society of Mary (Marianists) (SM)
- Society of Mary (Marists) (SM)
- Society of the Divine Word (SVD)
- Society of Saint Edmund (SSE)
- Marist Brothers (FMS)
- Mechitarists (CAM)
- Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus (MCCI)
- Missionaries of La Salette (MS)
- Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales (MSFS)
- Missionaries of the Poor (MOP)
- Missionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC)
- Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
- Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI)
- Oblates of the Virgin Mary (OMV)
- Oblates of St. Francis de Sales (OSFS)
- Order of Friars Minor (OFM)
- Passionists (CP)
- Pauline Fathers (OSPPE)
- Redemptorists (CSsR)
- Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus (RCJ)
- Sacred Heart Brothers
- Salesians (SDB)
- Servants of Jesus and Mary (SJM)
- Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer (FSSR)
- Xaverian Brothers (CFX)
- Adorers of the Blood of Christ (ASC)
- Apostolic Carmel (AC)
- Basilian Aleppian Sisters
- Basilian Chouerite Sisters
- Brigidines
- Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (CSIC)
- Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa (CSST)
- Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (FHIC)
- Daughters of Divine Love
- Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception
- Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary
- Faithful Companions of Jesus
- Felicians (CSSF)
- Filippini Sisters (MPF)
- Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus
- Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
- Hijas de Jesús
- Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters
- Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb
- Little Sisters of Jesus
- Little Sisters of the Poor
- Living the Gospel Community (LGC)
- Lovers of the Holy Cross
- Marianites of Holy Cross (MSC)
- Maryknoll Sisters (MM)
- Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God (SMIC)
- Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM)
- Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart
- Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (MSC)
- Oblate Sisters of Providence
- Oblates of Jesus the Priest
- Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima (OMVF)
- Order of Our Lady of Charity (ODNC)
- Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Poor Clares (OSC)
- Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament (MC)
- Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (RSCJ)
- Religious of the Virgin Mary (RVM)
- Servants of St. Joseph (SSJ)
- Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament
- Sisters of Charity
- Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)
- Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy (DC)
- Sisters of the Cross and Passion
- Sisters of the Destitute
- Sisters of the Good Shepherd (RGS)
- Sisters of Holy Cross
- Sisters of the Holy Cross
- Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana
- Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary
- Sisters of the Immaculate Conception
- Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
- Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
- Sisters of Life (SV)
- Sisters of Mercy (RSM)
- Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods
- Sisters of the Sacred Heart
- Sisters of Saint Francis
- Sisters of Saint Joseph
- The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace
- Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (RSJ)
- Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC)
- Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls
- Sisters of Social Service (sss)
- Servants of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS)
- Ursulines (OSU)
- White Sisters
- See also: Third orders of Catholic laity
- Catholicism portal