Chamu Krishna Shastry
- Co-Founder & former General Secretary of Samskrita Bharati
- Trustee secretary of Samskrit Promotion Foundation
Member of Constitution of Mission High Level committee (MHLC) of Indian Knowledge System (IKS).
Chamu Krishna Shastry[5] (born 23 January 1956) is an Indian Educationist who has been working for the revival of the Sanskrit language. He is the trustee and Secretary of Samskrit Promotion Foundation. He is also the co-founder of Samskrita Bharati. Now he is spearheading a movement to teach Sanskrit Through Sanskrit On 25 January 2017, Government of India announced "Padma Shri" award in the category Literature and education for his contribution towards the promotion of Sanskrit.[6]
Early life
Shastry was born on 23 January 1956 in Kedila village near Mangalore (Bantwal taluk).[4] He learnt Sanskrit from the Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha at Tirupati.[3][7] As a teenaged Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh worker Shastry was imprisoned during the Emergency. Alone in his cell, he took to reading biographies. In the writings of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Swami Vivekananda he learnt how Sanskrit could unlock scientific, mathematical and medical knowledge buried in ancient Sanskrit texts.[8]
Career
Speak Samskrit movement
Krishna Shastry, along with some of his friends, went on to start the ‘Speak Samskrit’ Movement in 1981 from Bangalore.[3] His method of teaching Sanskrit is to let the student learn it in the same language rather than through another language by translation.[9] Learning Sanskrit can be a forbidding exercise because it is being taught through translation. To make it easier for the students, Shastry's method is not to learn the language through grammar, but to teach Sanskrit as it is spoken.[10] Students thus do not have to wrestle with the nuances of an arcane syntactics. It's then easier to master the language, so much so that even semi-literate people can opt for the course.
Samskrita Bharati
The movement eventually evolved into the not-for-profit organisation Samskrita Bharati, a voluntary body committed to the cause of Sanskrit.[3] Shastry's efforts led to the development of the very popular "Ten-day Sanskrit Speaking Course" of Samskrita Bharati. He has inspired a dedicated work force for Sanskrit across the country which is leading the propagation work at various states. Samskrita Bharati and Shastry have been implementing the 10 day course through a network of 250 full-time workers and 5,000[10] Sanskrit Bharati volunteers. It also helps that the course is offered for free.[11] Samskrita Bharati has enabled nearly one crore people to learn and converse in Sanskrit the language, one lakh of whom have decided to use Sanskrit at home in true ancient style.[11]
Shastry's efforts have also led many universities and colleges to adopt the communicative teaching method for Sanskrit. In the US, SAFL (Samskrit as a Foreign Language) is a popular course among the children of Indian origin. Samskrita Bharati is active all over India and in 13 countries including USA, Canada, UK and the UAE.[3] The organisation is also credited with the revival of Sanskrit in Gujarat[12]
A few unique experiments like "Samskrit Homes" and "Samskrit mother tongue Children" are popular. "Saraswati Seva" is a project through which hundreds of books from other Indian and foreign Languages are translated into Sanskrit. To promote young authors and modern books in Sanskrit he has organised events such as "Samskrit Book Fair", and "Sahityotsava".[citation needed]
Vision
Shastry sees Sanskrit as being India's lingua franca.[12] He says, "Till now Samskrit has only been seen from a spiritual or religious perspective; it is high time Samskrit is approached from a scientific point of view as well."[3] He opines that Sanskrit would be a unifying factor in India.[13]
Shastry believes in taking Sanskrit to the under-privileged. He echoes Dr. Ambedkar's support[14] for Sanskrit as a platform for enabling social upliftment and equality.[2]
Samskrit Promotion Foundation
Krishna shastry has helped to start the Samskrit Promotion Foundation, which is an institution in developing Sanskrit Tutorials for students and in producing various new course materials for "Sanskrit for Special Purposes"[15] a not for profit trust, that aims to "popularise Samskrit" in India again and among other objectives leverage Samskrit as an "effective tool" to socially and economically "empower the weaker sections" of the society. The trustees include eminent citizens like former Chief Justice of India R. C. Lahoti, for Chief Election Commissioner N. Gopalaswami, Justice Rama Jois, S. Gurumurthy, among others. Shastry is a key trustee and secretary[2] of this trust.[16]
Influencing policy
Shastry spends most of his time on teacher training, workshops, making of learning material and discussing Sanskrit education with policy makers. He believes that not just Sanskrit as language, but modern subjects like chemistry, maths, history etc. should also be taught through Sanskrit.[3]
He was also a member of the Central Government constituted Sanskrit Committee that developed the "Road Map for the Development of Sanskrit – Ten Year Perspective Plan" document in 2016.[17]
Others
His extensive experience in education and teaching methods has led to his being on the Board of Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan[2] and many other universities.
Shastry is a much renowned speaker and he is highly regarded for his fluent and fiery oratory in Sanskrit.[17] He believes in the dictum of the Bhagavad Gita to work towards a goal without expectations and has taken a personal vow of not accepting honors and awards.[citation needed] He is a prolific writer and has written a dozen books and numerous articles in Sanskrit.[citation needed]
Books
He has authored 13 books in the Sanskrit language.
- Savdhana Syaam ISBN 978-8187276487
- Utthistatha Ma Svapthaha (Get up! Don't Sleep!!) ISBN 8188220469
- Parishkaaraha (Essays in Sanskrit) ISBN 8188220493
Awards
- Saraswata Sudhakara in 1984 from Kashi Pandit Parishat
- Rashtriya Yuva Puraskar in 1985 from ABVP
- Padma Shri Award in 2017[16]
References
- ^ "Constitution of High Powered Committee for the Promotion of Indian Languages" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d Subrahmanya, Sudhee (10 February 2017). "With a vision for Sanskrit". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Unni, Aparna (4 August 2012). "A classic case of Chamu Sastry". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Revolutionary educationists get Padma Shri". The Hindu. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ^ "vijayavani, ನಾಡಿನ 9 ಸಾಧಕರಿಗೆ ಪದ್ಮ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಕಿರೀಟ, 26.01.2017". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
- ^ "PadmaAwards-2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2017.
- ^ Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (1 January 2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (|). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195392456.
- ^ Mahurkar, Uday. "The Right Word". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ "A man's bid to revive deva vani, Sanskrit". Daily News and Analysis. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ a b Venkatraman, Vijaysree (5 July 2007). "Sanskrit echoes around the world". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
- ^ a b Mahurkar, Uday. "The Right Word". India Today. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ a b India Today International. Living Media India Limited. 1 January 1999.
- ^ India Today. Thomson Living Media India Limited. 1 January 2000.
- ^ Manohar Joshi, Murli (25 April 2016). "Ambedkar wanted Sanskrit as national language: Murli Manohar". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
- ^ "Learn Samskrit Online".
- ^ a b "Padma award winners from Karnataka are an eclectic mix". The Hindu. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Sanskrit will flourish despite Prejudices of Left, Libtards: Chamu Krishna Shastry". THe Hindu Business Line. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- v
- t
- e
- K. Shankar Pillai (1954)
- Krishna Kanta Handique (1955)
- Surya Kumar Bhuyan (1956)
- Sukhdev Pande (1956)
- Nalini Bala Devi (1957)
- S. R. Ranganathan (1957)
- Ram Chandra Varma (1958)
- Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas (1958)
- K. S. Chandrasekharan (1958)
- B. S. Kesavan (1960)
- Artaballabha Mohanty (1960)
- N. D. Sundaravadivelu (1961)
- Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (1961)
- Vishnukant Jha (1961)
- Jinvijay (1961)
- Evengeline Lazarus (1961)
- Ananda Chandra Barua (1970)
- Sulabha Panandikar (1971)
- Krishan Dutta Bharadwaj (1981)
- Abid Ali Khan (1981)
- Ram Punjwani (1981)
- Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1982)
- R. V. Pandit (1982)
- Sher Singh Sher (1982)
- Gaura Pant Shivani (1982)
- Ahalya Chari (1983)
- Amitabha Chaudhuri (1983)
- Saliha Abid Hussain (1983)
- Komal Kothari (1983)
- Hundraj Lial Ram Dukhayal Manik (1983)
- Raghuvir Sharan Mitra (1983)
- Attar Singh (1983)
- Mayangnokcha Ao (1984)
- Kshem Suman Chandra (1984)
- Lakshmi Kumari Chundawat (1984)
- Shanta Gandhi (1984)
- Sadhu Singh Hamdard (1984)
- Qurratulain Hyder (1984)
- Ganpatrao Jadhav (1984)
- Syed Abdul Malik (1984)
- John Arthur King Martyn (1984)
- Sooranad Kunjan Pillai (1984)
- Syed Hasan Askari (1985)
- Jamesh Dokhuma (1985)
- Kaka Hathrasi (1985)
- Bharat Mishra (1985)
- Harishankar Parsai (1985)
- Ashangbam Minaketan Singh (1985)
- Anil Agarwal (1986)
- Binod Kanungo (1986)
- Chitra Naik (1986)
- Abdur Rahman (1986)
- Nuchhungi Renthlei (1986)
- Raghunath Sharma (1986)
- Abdul Sattar (1987)
- Nazir Ahmed (1987)
- Vanaja Iyengar (1987)
- Khawlkungi (1987)
- Badri Narayan (1987)
- Debi Prasanna Pattanayak (1987)
- Sant Singh Sekhon (1987)
- N. Khelchandra Singh (1987)
- Madaram Brahma (1988)
- Nissim Ezekiel (1988)
- K. M. George (1988)
- Mario Miranda (1988)
- Vidya Niwas Mishra (1988)
- Ali Jawad Zaidi (1988)
- Kalim Aajiz (1989)
- Barsane Lal Chaturvedi (1989)
- Anita Desai (1989)
- Moti Lal Saqi (1989)
- Rongbong Terang (1989)
- V. Venkatachalam (1989)
- M. Aram (1990)
- Vijay Kumar Chopra (1990)
- Behram Contractor (1990)
- Radha Mohan Gadanayak (1990)
- Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari (1990)
- Yashpal Jain (1990)
- Sharad Joshi (1990)
- Kanhiyalal Prabhakar Mishra (1990)
- Gopi Chand Narang (1990)
- Dagdu Maruti Pawar (1990)
- Nilmani Phookan Jr (1990)
- Shyam Singh Shashi (1990)
- Ram Nath Shastri (1990)
- Bharat Bhushan (yogi) (1991)
- Kapil Deva Dvivedi (1991)
- B. K. S. Iyengar (1991)
- Satish Chandra Kakati (1991)
- Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte (1991)
- Madan Lal Madhu (1991)
- Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor (1991)
- Keshav Malik (1991)
- Surendra Mohanty (1991)
- P. T. Narasimhachar (1991)
- V. G. Bhide (1992)
- Gulabdas Broker (1992)
- Krishna Chaithanya (1992)
- Rajammal P. Devadas (1992)
- Vasant Shankar Kanetkar (1992)
- V. C. Kulandaiswamy (1992)
- R. S. Lugani (1992)
- Shovana Narayan (1992)
- Nisith Ranjan Ray (1992)
- M. Kirti Singh (1992)
- B. K. Thapar (1992)
- Mark Tully (1992)
- B. N. Goswamy (1998)
- O. N. V. Kurup (1998)
- Lalsangzuali Sailo (1998)
- Gurdial Singh (1998)
- Narayan Gangaram Surve (1998)
- Ruskin Bond (1999)
- Shayama Chona (1999)
- G. P. Chopra (1999)
- Namdeo Dhasal (1999)
- Kanhaiya Lal Nandan (1999)
- Satya Vrat Shastri (1999)
- Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh (1999)
- Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky (2000)
- P. S. Chawngthu (2000)
- Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla (2000)
- Mandan Mishra (2000)
- Rehman Rahi (2000)
- K. P. Saxena (2000)
- Nabaneeta Dev Sen (2000)
- Elangbam Nilakanta Singh (2000)
- Bala V. Balachandran (2001)
- Jeelani Bano (2001)
- Manoj Das (2001)
- Javare Gowda (2001)
- Chandrashekhara Kambara (2001)
- Gnanananda Kavi (2001)
- Kumar Ketkar (2001)
- Ravindra Kumar (2001)
- Kalidas Gupta Riza (2001)
- Padma Sachdev (2001)
- Bhabendra Nath Saikia (2001)
- Vachnesh Tripathi (2001)
- Munirathna Anandakrishnan (2002)
- Gopal Chhotray (2002)
- Gyan Chand Jain (2002)
- Madhu Mangesh Karnik (2002)
- Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar (2002)
- V. K. Madhavan Kutty (2002)
- Turlapaty Kutumba Rao (2002)
- Kim Yang-shik (2002)
- Manzoor Ahtesham (2003)
- Jagdish Chaturvedi (2003)
- Motilal Jotwani (2003)
- Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad (2003)
- Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag (2003)
- Shailendra Nath Shrivastava (2003)
- Pritam Singh (2003)
- Vairamuthu (2003)
- Hamlet Bareh (2004)
- Kumarpal Desai (2004)
- Tatyana Elizarenkova (2004)
- Anil Kumar Gupta (2004)
- Gowri Ishwaran (2004)
- Leeladhar Jagudi (2004)
- Sunita Jain (2004)
- Prithvi Nath Kaula (2004)
- Ayyappa Paniker (2004)
- P. Parameswaran (2004)
- Bal Samant (2004)
- Kanhaiyalal Sethia (2004)
- Ramesh Chandra Shah (2004)
- Heinrich von Stietencron (2004)
- Sudhir Tailang (2004)
- Dalip Kaur Tiwana (2004)
- Amiya Kumar Bagchi (2005)
- Shobhana Bhartia (2005)
- Manas Chaudhuri (2005)
- Darchhawna (2005)
- J. S. Grewal (2005)
- Amin Kamil (2005)
- Gadul Singh Lama (2005)
- Mammen Mathew (2005)
- S. B. Mujumdar (2005)
- Bilat Paswan Vihangam (2005)
- Ajeet Cour (2006)
- Sucheta Dalal (2006)
- Laltluangliana Khiangte (2006)
- Lothar Lutze (2006)
- Mrinal Pande (2006)
- Sugathakumari (2006)
- Sitanshu Yashaschandra (2006)
- Temsüla Ao (2007)
- Vijaydan Detha (2007)
- Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia (2007)
- Amitav Ghosh (2007)
- Meenakshi Gopinath (2007)
- Giriraj Kishore (2007)
- Shekhar Pathak (2007)
- Pratibha Ray (2007)
- Rostislav Rybakov (2007)
- Vikram Seth (2007)
- Vaali (2007)
- Sivanthi Adithan (2008)
- Bina Agarwal (2008)
- Vellayani Arjunan (2008)
- Nirupam Bajpai (2008)
- Surjya Kanta Hazarika (2008)
- Vinod Dua (2008)
- M. Leelavathy (2008)
- Amitabh Mattoo (2008)
- Bholabhai Patel (2008)
- Rajdeep Sardesai (2008)
- Sukhadeo Thorat (2008)
- Srinibash Udgata (2008)
- Suresh Gundu Amonkar
- Abhay Chhajlani
- Birendra Nath Datta
- Shashi Deshpande
- Bannanje Govindacharya
- Panchapakesa Jayaraman
- Mathoor Krishnamurty
- Jayanta Mahapatra
- Laxman Mane
- John Ralston Marr
- Alok Mehta
- A. Sankara Reddy
- Lalthangfala Sailo
- Ngawang Samten
- Ranbir Chander Sobti
- Ram Shankar Tripathi
- Lalzuia Colney (2010)
- Maria Aurora Couto (2010)
- Romuald D'Souza (2010)
- Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar (2010)
- Surendra Dubey (2010)
- Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010)
- Hermann Kulke (2010)
- Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010)
- Govind Chandra Pande (2010)
- Mrs YGP (2010)
- Sheldon Pollock (2010)
- Arun Sarma (2010)
- Jitendra Udhampuri (2010)
- Granville Austin (2011)
- Mahim Bora (2011)
- Urvashi Butalia (2011)
- Pullella Sriramachandrudu (2011)
- Mamang Dai (2011)
- Pravin Darji (2011)
- Chandra Prakash Deval (2011)
- Deviprasad Dwivedi (2011)
- Balraj Komal (2011)
- Krishna Kumar (2011)
- Rajni Kumar (2011)
- Devanur Mahadeva (2011)
- Barun Mazumder (2011)
- Ritu Menon (2011)
- Avvai Natarajan (2011)
- Bhalchandra Nemade (2011)
- Karl Harrington Potter (2011)
- Koneru Ramakrishna Rao (2011)
- Devi Dutt Sharma (2011)
- Nilamber Dev Sharma (2011)
- Geeta Dharmarajan (2012)
- Eberhard Fischer (2012)
- Kedar Gurung (2012)
- Surjit Patar (2012)
- Sachchidanand Sahai (2012)
- Allan Sealy (2012)
- Pepita Seth (2012)
- Vijay Dutt Shridhar (2012)
- Ralte L. Thanmawia (2012)
- Anvita Abbi (2013)
- Nida Fazli (2013)
- Radhika Herzberger (2013)
- Noboru Karashima (2013)
- Salik Lucknawi (2013)
- J. Malsawma (2013)
- Devendra Patel (2013)
- Christopher Pinney (2013)
- Mohammad Sharaf-e-Alam (2013)
- Rama Kant Shukla (2013)
- Jagdish Prasad Singh (2013)
- Akhtarul Wasey (2013)
- Naheed Abidi (2014)
- Ashok Chakradhar (2014)
- Keki N. Daruwalla (2014)
- G. N. Devy (2014)
- Kolakaluri Enoch (2014)
- Ved Kumari Ghai (2014)
- Manorama Jafa (2014)
- Rehana Khatoon (2014)
- P. Kilemsungla (2014)
- Sengaku Mayeda (2014)
- Waikhom Gojen Meitei (2014)
- Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri (2014)
- Dinesh Singh (2014)
- Huang Baosheng (2015)
- Bettina Bäumer (2015)
- Lakshmi Nandan Bora (2015)
- Jean-Claude Carrière (2015)
- Gyan Chaturvedi (2015)
- Raj Chetty (2015)
- Bibek Debroy (2015)
- Ashok Gulati (2015)
- George L. Hart (2015)
- Sunil Jogi (2015)
- Usha Kiran Khan (2015)
- Narayana Purushothama Mallaya (2015)
- Lambert Mascarenhas (2015)
- Taarak Mehta (2015)
- Ram Bahadur Rai (2015)
- J. S. Rajput (2015)
- Bimal Kumar Roy (2015)
- Annette Schmiedchen (2015)
- Gunvant Shah (2015)
- Brahmdev Sharma (2015)
- Dhirendra Nath Bezbaruah (2016)
- S. L. Bhyrappa (2016)
- Kameshwar Brahma (2016)
- Jawahar Lal Kaul (2016)
- Sal Khan (2016)
- Ashok Malik (2016)
- Haldhar Nag (2016)
- Pushpesh Pant (2016)
- Dahyabhai Shastri (2016)
- Prahlad Chandra Tasa (2016)
- Anant Agarwal (2017)
- Eli Ahmed (2017)
- Michel Danino (2017)
- Narendra Kohli (2017)
- Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri (2017)
- Kashi Nath Pandita (2017)
- Vishnu Pandya (2017)
- V. G. Patel (2017)
- H.R. Shah (2017)
- Chamu Krishna Shastry (2017)
- Bhawana Somaaya (2017)
- Punam Suri (2017)
- Harihar Kripalu Tripathi (2017)
- G. Venkatasubbiah (2017)
- Prafulla Govinda Baruah (2018)
- Shyamlal Chaturvedi (2018)
- Arup Kumar Dutta (2018)
- Arvind Gupta (2018)
- Digamber Hansda (2018)
- Anwar Jalalpuri (2018)
- Piyong Temjen Jamir (2018)
- Joyasree Goswami Mahanta (2018)
- Zaverilal Mehta (2018)
- Tomio Mizokami (2018)
- Habibullo Rajabov (2018)
- Vagish Shastri (2018)
- Maharao Raghuveer Singh (2018)
- A Zakia (2018)
- Narsingh Dev Jamwal (2019)
- Nagindas Sanghavi (2019)
- Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri (2019)
- Devendra Swarup (2019)
- Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra (2020)
- Binapani Mohanty (2020)
- Damayanti Beshra (2020)
- H. M. Desai (2020)
- Lil Bahadur Chettri (2020)
- Meenakshi Jain (2020)
- N. Chandrasekharan Nair (2020)
- Narayan Joshi Karayal (2020)
- Prithwindra Mukherjee (2020)
- Robert Thurman (2020)
- S. P. Kothari (2020)
- Shahabuddin Rathod (2020)
- Sudharma (2020)
- Vijayasarathi Sribhashyam (2020)
- Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi (2020)
- Yogesh Praveen (2020)
- Benichandra Jamatia (2020)
- Carlos G. Vallés (2021)
- Dadudan Gadhvi (2021)
- Imran Shah (2021)
- Mangal Singh Hazowary (2021)
- Mridula Sinha (2021)
- Namdeo Kamble (2021)
- Rangasami L. Kashyap (2021)
- Srikant Datar (2021)
- Solomon Pappaiah (2021)
- Asavadi Prakasarao (2021)
- Lalbiakthanga Pachuau (2021)
- Najma Akhtar (2022)
- T Senka Ao (2022)
- J K Bajaj (2022)
- Sirpi Balasubramaniam (2022)
- Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat (2022)
- Harmohinder Singh Bedi (2022)
- Maria Christopher Byrski (2022)
- Khalil Dhantejvi (Posthumous) (2022)
- Dhaneswar Engti (2022)
- Narasimha Rao Garikapati (2022)
- Girdhari Ram Gonjhu (Posthumous) (2022)
- Shaibal Gupta (Posthumous) (2022)
- Narasingha Prasad Guru (2022)
- Avadh Kishore Jadia (2022)
- Tara Jauhar (2022)
- Rutger Kortenhorst (2022)
- P Narayana Kurup (2022)
- V L Nghaka (2022)
- Chirapat Prapandavidya (2022)
- Vidyanand Sarek (2022)
- Kali Pada Saren (2022)
- Dilip Shahani (2022)
- Vishwamurti Shastri (2022)
- Tatiana Lvovna Shaumyan (2022)
- Siddhalingaiah (Posthumous) (2022)
- Vidya Vindu Singh (2022)
- Raghuvendra Tanwar (2022)
- Badaplin War (2022)
- Radha Charan Gupta (2023)
- C. I. Issac (2023)
- Rattan Singh Jaggi (2023)
- Anand Kumar (2023)
- Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande (2023)
- Antaryami Mishra (2023)
- Ramesh Patange (2023)
- B. Ramakrishna Reddy (2023)
- Mohan Singh (2023)
- Prakash Chandra Sood (2023)
- Janum Singh Soy (2023)
- Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari (2023)
- Dhaniram Toto (2023)