Bejtexhi

A bejtexhi (Albanian pronunciation: [bejted͡ʒi], lit. 'couplet maker',^[1][2] a compound of bejte [from Turkish beyit 'couplet', from Arabic بَيْت bayt] and -xhi [from Turkish -ci, occupational suffix]; plural: bejtexhinj [bejted͡ʒiɲ]) was a popular bard of the Muslim tradition in Ottoman Albania.^[3] The genre of literature created by bejtexhinj in the 18th century prevailed in different cities of what is now Albania, Kosovo, Chameria as well as in religious centers.

The spread of the bejtexhinj was a product of two different significant factors. One factor was a demand in religious practices to write in Albanian and to free it from foreign influence. The other factor was the accretion of ideological pressure from Turkish rulers. The ruling Ottomans sought the submission of Albanians through the Muslim religion and culture. Albania rulers opened their own schools with many bejtexhinj in attendance.

The bejtexhinj wrote Albanian in the Elifba alphabet, an adaption of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, often with heavy influence from Ottoman Turkish in the form of loanwords. Bejtexhi literature had two development phases. The first lasted until the end of the 18th century and was characterized by secular themes. The second phase, from the end of the 18th century and through the 19th century, had a predominantly religious character. Of the secular works, many bejtexhinj wrote about the positive values of love, natural and feminine beauty, virtues, works, knowledge and also alluded to the negative traits of ambition and hypocrisy.

Bejtexhinj who worked in this vein were Nezim Frakulla, Sulejman Naibi and Muhamet Kyçyku. A further step in the literature was initiated when other Bejexhinj such as Hasan Zyko Kamberi and Zenel Bastari reflected on the events of the time, describing the hard lives of the poor, the insecurities of the future, and their discontent at the conditions of feudalism.

The literature of the bejtexhinj did not achieve national prestige on its own, but the poets provided a valuable addition to Albanian literature. They wrote in Albanian, for example, at a time when it was banned by the ruling Ottomans. Aside from its religious themes, bejtexhi literature was the first to widely utilize secular themes. Some authors of this type were closer to the people and included in their poems elements of daily life, using realistic social themes with a strong critical sensibility.

With works of bejtexhinj, Albanian poetry made another step artistically, being composed of expressions and imagery that are truly artistic in value. Bejtexhinj authors also blended Albania's traditional poetry, mainly the eight-line poems that all poets used. Their works were spread through written copies or verbally. The number of poets that this era produced is considerably large coming from cities such as Berat, Elbasan, Shkodër, Gjakova, Pristina, and smaller towns as Kolonjë, Frashër, and Konispol.

The flow of bejtexhi literature lost its influence at the beginning of the 19th century, but in some places like Kosovo, this tradition lasted even longer from authors such as Maliq Rakoveci and Rexhep Voka.

Notable poets of the Bejtexhi genre include:^[4]

• Nezim Frakulla
• Sulejman Naibi
• Hasan Zyko Kamberi
• Zenel Bastari
• Muhamet Kyçyku (Çami)
• Dalip Frashëri
• Shahin Frashëri
• Dervish Hasani, from Krusha e Vogel near Rahovec, lived towards the end of the 17th century. He is the author of the oldest Albanian verse in Arabic script to have been written in Kosovo.
• Tahir Efendi Gjakova
• Sulejman Temani
• Haxhi Ymer Kashari wrote religious poetry in Albanian and Turkish. His Albanian verse constitutes the oldest document in the Tirana dialect
• Mulla Beqiri was an 18th century poet and mufti of the Vushtrri medrese
• Omer effendi Saddedin was a poet from southern Albania
• Ismail Pasha Velabishti, Nezim Frakulla's patron from Berat, who was murdered on 3 August 1764 in Vlorë, wrote an octosyllabic poem during his time as commander of the fortress of Lepanto in which he expresses his desire to return home
• Ibrahim Elbasani
• Sulejman Pasha Vërlaci, also known as Sulejman Pasha Elbasani
• Mulla Salih Pata wrote in the second half of the 18th century at the court of the Bushati family. 2 of satirical poems were dedicated to Kara Mahmud Pasha
• Mulla Hysen Dobraçi, also at the court of the Bushati family, wrote poetry celebrating Albanian resistance to the Ottomans
• Elmaz Gjirokastriti wrote a ninety-two-line poem bearing the Turkish title Evvel hastalik (The first disease), which concerned with the epidemic that hit the Gjirokaster area in 1817
• Et'hem bey Mollaj
• Baba Abdullah Melçani
• Hysen Bitri from Krujë
• Asllan Bej Puçe was the son of Ago Myhyrdari, a secretary to Ali Pasha of Ioannina
• Abdullah Sulejman Konispoli who wrote a mevlud in the Cham Albanian dialect
• Ismail Floqi from Korçë
• Jonuz efendi Sabriu
• Nasibi Tahir Babai
• Mulla Fejzo Abdalli from Gjirokastër
• Demir Vlonjati
• Mulla Dervish Peja
• Muçi Zade